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Garibaldi
Bismarck
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation. During the 19th and 20th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force that could: Create one nation from many separate countries (ex. Italy and Germany) Break one nation up into many countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)
Nationalism Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI and WWII) It has encouraged colonies to seek independence from their colonizers. (ex. India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa) Nationalism can take many different forms but certain factors need to be present for it to grow.
Geography - mountains split Italy West and East; the Po river, North and South Illiteracy as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessen his rights in the papal states Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreed on a leader and type of government Lack of European support - European nations felt a strong Italy would interfere with their plans
Factors That Led to Italian Unification Geography Italy is isolated The Alps are to the North, surrounded by oceans. Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop its own ways, customs. History Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance. Napoleons conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again Italian unity. Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour
Giuseppe Mazzini, Prophet of Italian Unification He was a member of the Carbonari. The Carbonari were a secret group which used violence to obtain what it wanted. He formed Young Italy, made up of young people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation. Tried revolution but it failed.
Count Camillo di Cavour was the architect (planner) of PiedmontSardinias revolt against Austria. This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.
Victor Emmanuel II
Barriers to German Unification France preferred 39 weak states to one nation. Austria knew Prussia was most powerful state. Rulers of smaller states feared loss of power in a united Germany. Protestant/Catholic hostility (from Thirty Years War). Economic differences between western industrial states and agricultural eastern states.
Factors Encouraging German Unification Napoleon encouraged German unification with the Confederation of the Rhine under the Napoleonic Code. Intellectuals supported a German Nation: Heinrich von Treitschke envisioned a German Fatherland Goethe and Schiller saw a common nationality for all Germans Congress of Vienna created a German Confederation which was made up of 39 states. Zollverein created to increase trade, reduce problems of many state governments; taxes, coinage and postal system.
How Bismarck United Germany Prussia led German unification. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia Conservative chosen as Prime Minister
stood for absolutism, Divine Right Monarchy and the Protestant Lutheran church did not trust people or democracy
Master of Realpolitick
Politics of reality
William I, King of Prussia appointed Bismarck chief minister in the Prussian Parliament ,1848
German Unification
Could not persuade parliament Declared he would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget Aligned with Austria to attack Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein Quick victory increases Prussian nationalism
German Unification
Prussia controls Schleswig and Austria Holstein Hoping this will lead to turmoil he can use Border conflicts with Austria between Schleswig and Holstein Austria declares war on Prussia in 1866 Seven Weeks war Prussia Annexes more territory Eastern and Western Prussia united for first time
Bismarcks Plan Pays Off Prussians become upset about unfair demands to their king; French are insulted by Prussia. France declares war though unprepared Prussia thus acquires: French provinces of Alsace & Lorraine money to cover the cost of war The Franco-Prussian War completes the unification of Germany. South German states unite with north to fight France 1871: German Empire is formed, William I of Prussia as Emperor.
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Problems Faced by a United Germany Germany was far from democratic: The Government of the German Empire was a federal union of states with the King of Prussia as ruler and a two house legislature with: A powerful 61 member appointed upper house A 400 member lower house chosen by universal male suffrage (all men could vote) Strong king who made government appointments, strong upper house had power strong army, soldiers prominent in society
Bismarcks Policies Made socialism illegal Improved working conditions Persecuted national and religious minorities, especially Catholics In foreign affairs, tried to isolate France by making friendships with Austria and Russia Use of Realpolitik Realpolitik was Bismarcks foreign policy decisions are not based on ideological or moral considerations; decisions should be based on self-interest.