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Alexander Graham Bell invented the respiratory jacket in 1882. This device was the precursor to the IRON LUNG developed by Philip Drinker in the 1920s.
Figure 22.1: The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures, p. 832.
Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Larynx Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Left lung
Pharynx Trachea
Diaphragm
(a)
Epicranius, Frontal bone frontal belly Nasal bone Septal Root and cartilage bridge Maxillary of nose bone Dorsum nasi (frontal process) Ala of nose Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Dense fibrous Apex of nose connective tissue Philtrum Major alar Naris (nostril) cartilages (b)
Olfactory nerves Olfactory epithelium Superior nasal concha and superior nasal meatus Middle nasal concha and middle nasal meatus Inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus Hard palate Soft palate Uvula
(a)
Sphenoidal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Nasopharynx Posterior nasal aperture Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vestibular fold Vocal fold Esophagus
Frontal sinus Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Laryngeal cartilages
Thyroid gland
Trachea (b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adams apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament
Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
(a) (b)
Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Fatty pad Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament
Base of tongue Epiglottis False vocal cord True vocal cord Glottis Inner lining of trachea Corniculate cartilage (b)
(a)
Posterior Esophagus Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Seromucous glands in submucosa Hyaline cartilage
Anterior
(b)
(c)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Right main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Segmental (tertiary) bronchus
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolar pores
Alveoli (b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Alveolar sac
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
(a)
(b)
Type I cell of alveolar wall Epithelial cell nucleus Endothelial cell nucleus Capillary O2
CO2
Alveolus Macrophage Respiratory membrane Alveolus (d) Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium
Alveolar pores
Apex of lung Trachea Thymus Lung Pleural cavity Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe
6000 5000 Milliliters (ml) 4000 3000 Tidal volume 500 ml 2000 1000 Expiratory reserve volume 1200 ml Residual volume 1200 ml
Adult male Adult female average average Description value value Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting 500 ml 500 ml conditions Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal 3100 ml 1900 ml volume inhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal 1200 ml 700 ml volume exhalation 1200 ml 1100 ml Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
Respiratory capacities
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV (should be 80% TLC) Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV
(b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females
Figure 22.17: Partial pressure gradients promoting gas movements in the body, p. 856.
O2 CO2 External respiration Blood entering alveolar capillaries: PO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 45 mm Hg O2 CO2 Pulmonary arteries
Expired air: PO2 120 mm Hg PCO2 27 mm Hg O2 CO2 Blood leaving alveolar capillaries: PO2 104 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2 Pulmonary veins (PO2 100 mm Hg)
Systemic veins Blood leaving tissue capillaries: PO2 40 mm Hg PCO2 45 mm Hg O2 CO2 Internal respiration
Heart
Systemic arteries Blood entering tissue capillaries: PO2 100 mm Hg PCO2 40 mm Hg O2 CO2
Figure 20.1: Distribution and special structural features of lymphatic capillaries, p. 774.
Venous system
Heart
Arterial system
Venule
Arteriole
Lymph duct Lymph trunk Lymph node Lymphatic system Lymphatic collecting vessels, with valves Lymphatic capillary
Tissue cell (a) Blood capillaries Filaments anchored to connective tissue Endothelial cell Flaplike minivalve Fibroblast in loose connective tissue (b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Axillary nodes
Internal jugular vein Entrance of thoracic duct into left subclavian vein Thoracic duct Aorta Cisterna chyli Lymphatic collecting vessels
Inguinal nodes
(a)
Please remember that the overall design of the lymphatic system is a slightly modified replication of the arterial and venous systems. Namely, the lymphatic vessels include the larger lymphatic vessels the lymphatuoles and the lymphatic capillaries. From the lymphatic system, the fluids that are collected will be transported back into circulation via the veins in the blood vascular system. One specific entry point is the subclavian vein.
Peyers patches are significantly involved with aspects of immune response associated with the digestive system and last during our entire lifetime.
The way in which the lymphatic capillaries draws fluid into them is via the movment of the slitlike flaps through their attachment with filaments to the sidewalls of other tissues.
Cortex: Lymphoid follicle Germinal center Subcapsular sinus Efferent lymphatic vessels Follicles Trabecula Subcapsular sinus
(a)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Capsule
Hilum Medulla: Capsule Medullary cord Medullary sinus Medullary cords Medullary Trabeculae sinuses (b)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Tonsils (in pharyngeal region) Thymus (in thorax; most active during youth)
Spleen (curves around left side of stomach) Peyers patches (in intestine) Appendix
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.