Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 12

Chapter 10.

3
Asexual reproduction and GMOs

Asexual Reproduction
Only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction.
Plants contain non-differentiated meristem tissue that routinely reproduces asexually by vegetative propagation. Offspring may arise from the nodes of stolons.
Example: strawberries

Offspring may also arise from nodes of rhizomes.


Example: irises

stolons

rhizomes

Breedingof Plants
Traditionally, hybridization (crossing different varieties of plants or species) is used to produce offspring with desirable traits. Hybridization is followed by vegetative propagation of the mature plants to form a large number of identical plants.

Propagation of Plants in Tissue Culture


Tissue Culture - the growth of tissue in an artificial liquid or solid culture medium
Allows botanists to breed large numbers of plants from somatic tissues Allows selection of tissues with desired characteristics Plant cells are totipotent
Each cell can become an entire plant

Tissue Culture of Plants


Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Protoplasts

b. Cell wall regeneration

c. Aggregates of cells

d. Callus (undifferentiated mass)

e. Somatic embryo

f. Plantlet

(all): Courtesy Prof. Dr. Hans-Ulrich Koop, from Plant Cell Reports, 17:601-604

Figure 10.11

Genetic Engineering of Plants


Today, it is possible to directly alter the genes of organisms, producing new varieties of plants with desirable traits. GMOs are plants that carry a foreign gene that has
new and different traits

Two methods used to genetically modify plants


High voltage electrical pulse method Gene gun method

Agricultural Plants with Improved Traits


Corn, cotton, soybean and potato plants have been engineered to be resistant to either herbicides or insect pests. Ongoing research is expected to yield improved varieties of crops.
Salt-tolerant Cold-tolerant Drought-resistant Blight-resistant

Transgenic Crops of the Future


Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Transgenic Crops of the Future


Improved Agricultural Traits Herbicide resistant Salt tolerant Drought tolerant Cold tolerant Improved yield Modified wood pulp Disease protected Wheat, rice, sugar beets, canola Cereals, rice, sugar cane, canola Cereals, rice, sugar cane Cereals, rice, sugar cane Cereals, rice, corn, cotton Trees Wheat, corn, potatoes

Improved Food-Quality Traits Fatty acid/oil content Protein/starch content Amino acid content a. Desirable traits
Dennis Kunkel/Phototake

Corn, soybeans Cereals, pota toes, soybeans, rice, corn Corn, soybeans

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

b.

WT

X10E

Wild-type (WT) and transgenic tomato (X1OE) grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl
b: Courtesy Eduardo Blumwald

Other modifications
Commercial Products
Single gene transfers have produced plants that can manufacture various products. Hormones Clotting Factors Antibodies

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi