Properties of The Section

Element Reactions Previously covered -: reactions at the supports, SFD, BMD.

VA
VB

HB

but what about the reaction of the element itself ? Previously stated and shown in lectures it does react by deflecting and assuming a deformed shape.

Consider different types of loading ?

Direct Stresses
W W

Strut (shortens)
Compression

Tie (lengthens)
Tension

Compressive Stress

Tension stress

=
Load Area

=
=
W A Load Area

W A

Consider the rubber beam under bending

compression

tension

If we consider the beam shown as a demonstration, note that :The lines at the top have moved closer to each other whilst ... Those at the bottom have moved further apart. ie Compression in the top of the section and Tension in the bottom of the section

Along length of beam

Closeness less Closeness great Closeness less Compressive & Tensile Stresses a min max min In a simply supported beam the maximum compressive and tensile stresses occur away from the supports

Across Section of beam

Closeness/Openess of lines greatest at extremeties. No change at one point. A cross section of beam (simply supported) max compressive stress occurs at top, max tensile strength at bottom and zero stress at a point called neutral axis.

Max bending ie max stress compression Neutral Axis

tension

Section

Look at deflection
The beam used in the demonstration has the same cross-sectional area. but fixed in one axis or fixed in the other axis ie ie

the deflection is different for the same load WHY ? Depth governs stiffness which dictates deflection (see properties of the section)

What about the strut ?

Consider the same cross section of beam but with differing lengths and subjected to the same loading. w w 1) 2)

Strut 1) is in direct compression but Strut 2) is being subjected to buckling.

What is affecting the behaviour of the element ? Property of the Section. Properties of the Section.

What are they and how do they affect behaviour ?

Properties of a section

1)

Area - tension

2) Second Moment of area stiffness ie deflection 3) 4) Radius of gyration - buckling Section Modulus - strength

Area
Used in calculation of :1. Direct Stresses (a) Tension (b) Compression Circle = pd 4
2

d
b l b

Rectangle = b * l

Square

= b

2nd Moment of Area (stiffness)

Determined from: 1. Centroid / Centre of Area -then either 2. Fixed 2nd moment of area. (a) Rectangle = bd3 12 (b) Circle = pd4 64 3. Parallel axis theorem. y Dimensions in mm

or

x 200 y

600

IAA = IXX + Ay2 Ixx = 3.6 * 109 mm4

Iyy = 0.4 * 109 mm4

1. Find Centre of Area

Determine by :1. Common Sense 2. Taking moments of Area about any point. N.B. Both axes count.
Y

1. Find Centre of Area

Is the point about which first moments of area balance.
A1
LA1 LA2 A2

Centre of area X-X

ie

A1 x LA1 = A2 x LA2 LA1 = lever arm for area A1 & LA2 = lever arm for area A2

where

900
12

Unsymmetrical section

900
12
Step 1 - Split into rectangles

First moment of area about this axis

900

12
900 12

Step 2 - Select arbitrary axis P-P

900 A2

12

900 A1
P P

12
Step 3 - first moment of area (moa) of each shape

900 A2 900 A1 450 12 12

Shape A1: 1st moa = (888 x 12) x 894

894

Shape A2:
1st moa = (900 x 12) x 450

Step 4 - Equate first moment of area (moa) of each shape to moa of whole area

900
X

A2 450 12

12

900 A1

neutral axis (NA) X-X

894

[(888 x 12) x 894] + [(900 x 12) x 450] = [(888x12) + (900x12)] x

= 670.5mm

2nd Moment of Area (I)

This defines, for the same material, the stiffness of the element. ie for a simply supported element, the deflection of the element. in the 2nd and 3rd years it determines the stress distribution through the structure

For standard symmetrical elements ie or

I is constant but can be Ixx or Iyy

Standard values
Y b d

Ixx = bd3/12 Iyy = db3/12

Ixx = d4/64

Iyy = d4/64

If section is not regular then need to use : Parallel Axis theorem

ie IPP =
b

Ixx + Ay2

NA

IPP = bd3/12 + bd (d/2)2 = bd3/3

Radius of Gyration - Governs buckling

What is radius of gyration and how does it affect behaviour? Radius of gyration is that distance between a single point of concentrated area and a given axis such as I = Ar2 where r = radius of gyration

r=

I A

Radius of Gyration
rxx ryy = or = IXX A Iyy A
X d Y b

In the figure shown, by inspection

rxx > ryy

Therefore section will buckle about y-y axis

Section Modulus
Zxx = Zyy = Ixx y Iyy y
X d

Y b

Zxx here based on y1 shown

y1 X y

Zxx here based on y shown

This property governs strength of the section under elastic behaviour, only if buckling is prevented

Only if buckling is prevented?

Lateral torsional buckling It is the buckling of the compression flange which governs this behaviour. Therefore need to provide restraints to the compression flange. It is the length of any unrestrained length of member in compression which governs behaviour.

Consider diagonal bracing in a frame (struts)

Smaller diagonal bracing members in frame 1 than frame 2

Struts, pinned at each end

Frame 1

Frame 2

Restraining a beam from buckling

Wall loading beam Laterally unrestrained Ie buckling occurs

RC slab loading beam Laterally restrained Ie buckling cannot occur

Plastic Section Modulus

This property govern strength of the section under plastic behaviour.
compression

Neutral Axis

tension
Elastic Behaviour

Section

compression

y
C Neutral Axis d/2

h T

d/2

y
tension
T = C = y *

b (NB h = 2/3 * d/2)

(b* d/2/2)

Moment Capacity = T*h + C *h = [y * (b* d/2 *1/2) * d/2 *2/3] *2 = y* ( b * d2 /6) = y* z

compression
Neutral Axis

tension

Section Whole section yields ie goes plastic Plastic Behaviour

compression

y
C Neutral Axis d/2

h T

d/2

y
tension
T = C = y *

b (NB h = 1/2 * d/2)

(b* d/2)

Moment Capacity = T*h + C *h = [y * (b* d/2 ) * d/2 *1/2] *2 = y* ( b * d2 /4) = y* s

24mm

X 48mm

Section 6mm thick

If asked which is weaker axis ie if considering best shape to use as a strut??

By inspection it is Y-Y axis Where Iyy = (6x243/12) + (42x63/12) = 7668 mm4

But if Ixx also requd

Step 1 Find position of X-X axis using first moment of area Arbitrary axis P-P

P X P

[(24x6)+(42x6) x ] = (24x6x3) + (42x6x27) = 18.27mm

Now need to apply parallel axis theorem ie Ixx = ( Ixx self +Ah2 )

18.27 h X X X-X self X-X self h

Ixx = [(24 x 63 / 12) + (24 x 6 x (18.27-3) 2)] + [(6 x 423 /12) + (6 x 42 x (27-18.27))2] = 90258.5 mm4

Consider the following shapes

24 Both 6mm thick 24

18

18

24

24

24 Since the axes of the side area is not the same as the whole then cannot use subtraction. Need to use parallel axis theorem. UGGHH!!!

18

24

Ixx = [(24 x 63 / 12) + (24 x 6 x 122)] x 2 + [(6 x 183 / 12) + (6 x 18 x 02)] = 45252 mm4

Iyy = [(6 x 243/12) + (6x24x92)] x 2 + (18x63/12) = 37476 mm4

24

18

24

Ixx = (24 x 303/12) - 2 x( 9 x 183/12) = 45252 mm4 Iyy = 2 x(6 x 243 / 12) + (18 x 63 /12) =14148 mm4 Notice anything strange about these values?

Consider the shapes

24 24

18

18

24

24

What have I done???

I have moved the shape with respect to Y-Y when determining Ixx Y
24

X 18

24 Y

Simpler Iyy calc??

24 24

18

18

24

24

42

12

Iyy = (6 x 423 /12) + 2 x (12x63 /12) =37476 mm4 We have therefore moved shape relative to X-X axis only in order to find Iyy

Other properties from Ixx and Iyy

rxx =
ryy = zxx = Zyy=

Ixx A

= (45252/396)0.5 = 10.7mm

Iyy = (14148/396)0.5 = 5.98mm A

Ixx y = (45252/15) = 3016.8mm3 = (14148/15) = 943.2 mm3

Iyy y

Consider the channel section

24

X 30

Ixx = 24 x 303 /12 - 18 x 183 /12 45252 mm4

Consider the channel section

Y 24 Y 24

30