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BENDING EQUATION
M/I = f/y = E/R
Where
M I F Y E R
Bending Moment Moment of Inertial about Centroidal Axis Internal Resistance Stress Distance of the fiber from neutral axis Youngs Modulus/Elastic Modulus Radius of Curvature
TORSION EQUATION
T/J = G/L = /R
T J G L R Torsional Moment Polar Moment of Inertia Modulus of Rigidity Angle of Twist Length of the Shaft Shear Stress in the element Distance of the element from the centre of the shaft Kg-mm Mm4 Kg/mm2 Radians Mm Kg/mm2 mm
It is basically meant for taking It is basically meant for taking tension loads shear loads
PARTS OF BOLT
LIGHTENING HOLES
As the name it-self says that these are the holes introduced for reducing the weight of the structure in-order not to compromise in the structural integrity.
WHAT IS STIFFNESS
K = F/
By using the bolt the weight of the structure will increase because if we want to use nut for tightening the bolt. There will be chances of loosening the nut due to the vibration of the structure.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
Factor of Safety = Design Ultimate Load / Design Limit Load It measures how safe a Design of a Structure is.
Factor of Safety has no limits its depend on the designers view. Higher the Factor of Safety more safer the structure. But it is not acceptable in the buyers point of view due to weight of the structure. If the factor of safety is higher then the structure will be heavy.
Buildings = 2.0 Pressure Vessels = 3.0 4.0 Automobiles = 3.0 Space Vehicles = 1.2 2.0
MARGIN OF SAFETY
Margin of Safety = Factor of Safety - 1 Margin of safety is a measure of the excess capacity of the structure regarding Load. Margin of Safety should be in a positive value. If the Margin of Safety is zero then the structure will not take any additional load. If the Margin of Safety is one then the structure will take one Additional Load equal to the Maximum Load the structure is designed for. If the Margin of Safety is in a negative value then the stressed part Of the structure is more like to fail.