Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Outcomes
16.1 Explain how the concepts of equality of opportunity and equality of outcome mirror the tension between freedom and equality. 16.2 Trace the Supreme Court rulings and state legislative efforts that prevented African Americans from achieving equal protection of the laws.
Learning Outcomes
16.3 Identify the Supreme Court decisions that dismantled school segregation and explain the significance of each. 16.4 Describe the circumstances under which the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed and its evolving interpretation in subsequent Supreme Court decisions. 16.5 Evaluate the effect of the civil rights movement on other minority groups struggles for equality.
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcomes
16.6 Trace the evolution of womens legal rights beginning with laws based on protectionism and concluding with Supreme Court rulings prohibiting gender-based discrimination. 16.7 Compare and contrast the consequences that follow from policies aimed at equal opportunities versus those aimed at equal outcomes.
Equality of Opportunity
Each person guaranteed same chance to succeed More Americans support this than equality of outcome
Equality of Outcome
Society must ensure people are equal, and government must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved
10
11
NAACP concentrated efforts on school desegregation but made advancements in other areas as well
Late 1940s - Supreme Court decisions against:
Whites-only primaries Segregation on interstate bus routes
12
Civil Disobedience
Rosa Parks arrested and fined for not giving up seat
Montgomerys black community responded to Parks' arrest with a boycott of bus system Martin Luther King, Jr., urged blacks to continue boycott despite harassment Eventually federal court ruled segregated transportation systems unconstitutional Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated civil disobedience to bring racial issues to light
13
Lyndon B. Johnson
Considered civil rights top legislative priority
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965
14
15
16
Native Americans
Government relations with native Indians in 18th & 19th centuries denied political and social rights Early 20th century policies promoted assimilation
Indians received citizenship in 1924
Frustration with U.S. policies led to militant action in 1969s and early 1970s In 1946, Indian claims commission established
1970s and 1980s tribes won monies and land
17
Immigrant Groups
Millions of undocumented or illegal immigrants have come to U.S. 1965 new immigration law eliminated quotas By 2006, over 11 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. Arizona immigration law Latino immigration - now 16 percent of the population
18
19
20
Homosexual Americans
1969 Stonewall riots - beginning of gay liberation movement
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) lobbied for gays to serve in public employment
21
Proud to be Out
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning
22
Protectionism
Womens movement: fight against protectionism Demand for womens rights began with abolition movement
Courts consistently upheld protectionist laws
Supreme Court 1991 ruling struck down companys fetal protection policy as discriminatory
23
24
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Revenue Act of 1972 Title VII in 2007 tightened rules over pay discrimination
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning
25
26
27
28
29
Reverse Discrimination
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Groups opposed to affirmative action took other situations to court with mixed results
Gratz v. Bollinger university admissions policy violated equal protection clause Grutter v. Bollinger ruled race only one factor in admissions decisions Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 invalidated integration plans Fisher v. University of Texas
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning
30
31
Affirmative Action
32