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What is a cell?
structural and functional units of all living organisms unicellular and multicellular organisms
nutrients
energy source
reproduce
eg. fungi eg. bacteria animals plants unicellular organisms: yeast, Dictyostelium etc.
Biggest differences: Prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane! Prokaryotes don't have intracellular organelles! Prokaryotes about 10X size of Eukaryotes.
organizes and maintains the cell's shape (e.g. epithelial cells of the gut)
anchors the organells in place helps during the uptake of external material (endocytosis)
Cytoskeleton cytosol
large fluid-filled space (mostly water + proteins that control most of th cell metabolisms): glycolysis, transcription factors, intracellular receptors etc.
Organelles
Nucleus
Adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions. Reminder! Are only found in eukaryotes.
- production of ribosomes in nucleolus - protection of DNA from damaging molecules of molecules that interfere with its processing - DNA replication and synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
source: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nucleus.html
source: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/ribosome.htm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane. ER has smooth regions (responsible for lipid and membrane protein modifications) and rough regions (associated with ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of other proteins)
source: http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/er.htm
Golgi apparatus
Function: - modification of lipids and proteins - storage and packaging of materials that will be exported from the cell.
source: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/golgi.htm
Mitochondria
Contain their own genome (distinct from nuclear genome) Self-replicating Critical role in generation of energy (called ATP): Glycolysis (without oxygen use) Krebs cycle (in presence of oxygen)
Lysosomes
Rich in digestive enzymes (that work at low pH) Digest fforeing bacteria that invade a cell Recycling of membrane components Repair damage to plasma membrane
Peroxisomes
Human chromosomes
Interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytosine guanine
Source: http://www.blc.arizona.edu/Molecular_Graphics/DNA_Structure/DNA_Tutorial.HTML
3 end
Source: http://www.blc.arizona.edu/Molecular_Graphics/DNA_Structure/DNA_Tutorial.HTML
DNA replication
Occurs during cell division. Requires: - Helicases (unwind DNA) - DNA polymerases (can bind single Stranded DNA and can move only In 3 to 5 direction. - DNA ligase stitches Okazaki fragments
Source: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DNAReplication.html
Animation:
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/dnarep/repstrands.html?blah=&step=6
DNA
- Involves transcription factors (TFs) and RNA polymerase - Recognition of TATA box (located ~ 20 to 30 bp of transcription initiation site)
/antisense strand
terminator
Animation:
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/transcription/tcani.gif
Post-transcriptional modifications
Initiation
Termination
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/translation/init.html
Summary