Communication

s and Networks
3
Reference:
Practicum Module Application Training Compiled by
Institut Teknologi Bandung - 2004 Maududie - 2005
Physical Transmission Media
What is physical transmission media?
 Wire, cable,
Transfer Rates for Various Types of LANs Using Physical Transmissio

and other
tangible
materials used
to send
communications
signals
Physical Transmission Media
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
 Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and network cabling
 Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring
Physical Transmission Media
What is fiber-optic cable?
 Capable of carrying
significantly more
data at faster speeds
than wire cables
 Less susceptible
to interference
(noise) and, therefore,
more secure
 Smaller size (thinner
and lighter)
Wireless Transmission Media
What is wireless transmission media?
 Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to
install cables
 Includes Bluetooth and IrDA
Physical Media
Bit: propagates between
Twisted Pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
two insulated copper wires
physical link: what lies between  Category 3: traditional
transmitter & receiver phone wires, 10 Mbps
guided media: Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid  Category 5:
media: copper, fiber, coax 100Mbps Ethernet
unguided media:
 signals propagate freely, e.g.,
radio
Physical Media: coax, fiber

Fiber optic cable:

Coaxial cable:
glass fiber carrying light pulses,
two concentric copper each pulse a bit
conductors
high-speed operation:
bidirectional  high-speed point-to-point
baseband: transmission (e.g., 5 Gbps)
 single channel on cable low error rate: repeaters spaced far
 legacy Ethernet apart ; immune to
broadband: electromagnetic noise
 multiple channel on
cable
 HFC
Physical media: radio
signal carried in
electromagnetic spectrum
no physical “wire”
bidirectional
propagation environment
effects:
 reflection
 obstruction by objects
 interference
Radio link types:
terrestrial microwave
 e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
LAN (e.g., Wifi)
2Mbps, 11Mbps

wide-area (e.g., cellular)
e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps

satellite


up to 50Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low altitude
Wireless Transmission Media
What are broadcast radio and cellular radio?
 Broadcast radio
distributes radio
signals over long
and short distances
 Cellular radio
is form of broadcast
radio used for
mobile
communications
Wireless Transmission Media
What is a microwave station?
 Earth-based
reflective
dish used for
microwave
communications
 Must transmit in
straight line with
no obstructions
Wireless Transmission Media
What is a communications satellite?
 Space station
that receives microwave
signals from earth-based
station, amplifies
signals, and broadcasts
signals back to any
number of earth-based
stations
What’s the Internet: “nuts and
bolts” view
millions of connected router
workstation
computing devices: hosts =
server
end systems mobile
running network apps local ISP
communication links
 fiber, copper, radio,
satellite regional ISP
 transmission rate =
bandwidth
routers: forward packets
(chunks of data)
company
network
What’s the Internet: “nuts and
bolts” view
protocols control sending, router
workstation
receiving of msgs server
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, mobile
PPP local ISP
Internet: “network of networks”
 loosely hierarchical
 public Internet versus regional ISP
private intranet
Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force company
network
What’s the Internet: a service
view
communication infrastructure
enables distributed
applications:
 Web, email, games, e-
commerce, file sharing
communication services
provided to apps:
 Connectionless unreliable
 connection-oriented reliable
What’s a protocol?

human protocols: network protocols:

“what’s the time?” machines rather than
“I have a question” humans
introductions all communication activity
in Internet governed by
… specific msgs sent protocols
… specific actions taken protocols define format, order of
when msgs received, or msgs sent and received among
other events network entities, and actions
taken on msg transmission,
receipt
What’s a protocol?

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
req
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: Other human protocols?

A closer look at network
structure:
network edge: applications and
hosts
network core:
 routers
 network of networks

access networks, physical media:

communication links
The network edge:

end systems (hosts):

 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network”
client/server model
 client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
 e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
peer-peer model:
 minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
 e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA
Network edge: connection-
oriented service
Goal: data transfer between end
systems
handshaking: setup (prepare for)
data transfer ahead of time
 Hello, hello back human
protocol
 set up “state” in two
communicating hosts
TCP - Transmission Control
Protocol
 Internet’s connection-oriented
service
TCP service [RFC 793]
reliable, in-order byte-stream
data transfer
 loss: acknowledgements
and retransmissions
flow control:
 sender won’t overwhelm
receiver
congestion control:
 senders “slow down
sending rate” when
network congested
Network edge: connectionless
service
Goal: data transfer between
end systems App’s using TCP:
 same as before!
HTTP (Web), FTP (file
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
transfer), Telnet (remote
[RFC 768]:
login), SMTP (email)
 connectionless
 unreliable data transfer
 no flow control App’s using UDP:
 no congestion control streaming media,
teleconferencing, DNS,
Internet telephony