Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Relative
Density principles apply to compaction of relatively clean, coarsegrained soils. Relatively clean usually taken to be less 12 % or less finer than the #200 sieve. Important for compaction study of filters
Objectives
Explain basic principles of compacting clean sands and gravels Understand basic tests to obtain reference densities. Use 1 point compaction test in design and quality control
Summarize minimum and maximum index density tests Detail the importance of water content in compacting clean sands and gravels
Tests are not commonly performed on soils with 12 % or fewer fines Small percentage of fines means soils cannot easily hold water to examine range of water and effect on dry density
w%
sands are compacted most easily at either very dry or very wet water contents At intermediate water contents, capillary stresses in voids resist compaction Bulking is term for this phenomenon
Relative Density
Alternative
to traditional compaction test is relative density tests Minimum Index Density Maximum Index Density Relative Density
Minimum index density of clean sand is that resulting from very loosely filling a steel mold. ASTM Method D4254
After filling the mold, excess soil is carefully screed off. The volume of this mold is 0.1 ft3. Knowing the weight of soil in the mold, the dry density is easily computed
Minimum dry density = 96 pcf Maximum index density of clean sand results from vibration at high amplitude on vibratory table for 10 minutes. ASTM D4253 Example Maximum dry density = 117.5 pcf
Vibratory table
Vibratory table
Gs g water e 1 g dry
emax
Next
emin gdmax
emeasured
emax
gd min
gd measured
increasing density
assume that the density of this sand was measured in a compacted fill and it was 102.5 pcf. Calculate a value for relative density of the fill. First, calculate the void ratio of the fill:
Gs g water 2.65 62.4 e 1 1 0.6133 g dry 102.5
lab in Fort Worth studied 28 filter sands and used some published data Minimum and Maximum Index Densities were performed on each sample A 1 point dry Standard Proctor energy mold was also prepared for each sample. Values of 50% and 70% relative density were plotted against the 1 point Proctor value
70 % Relative Density
115 110 105 100 95 90 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 Field 1 Point Proctor Test Dry Density, pcf 70 %RD = 1 Point line Best fit correlation
is that the field 1 point Proctor dry test is about equal to 70 % relative density
110 105 100 95 90 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 Field 1 pointdry density
95 % of 1 point
is that the 95 % of the field 1 point Proctor dry test is about equal to 50 % relative density
gD
gD
70=
50
Given: 1 Point Proctor Test gd = 105.5 pcf Estimate 70 % and 50% Relative Density Given that measured gd is 98.7, evaluate state of compaction of sand.
A soils minimum index density is 96.5 pcf and its maximum index density is 111.5 pcf. The Gs value is 2.65 Calculate the emin and emax Compute the void ratio and dry density corresponding to a relative density value of 70 %
Minimum index density is 96.5 pcf Maximum index density is 111.5 pcf.
emax Gs g water 2.65 62.4 1 1 0.7136 g min_dry 96.5
ratio:
Gs g water e 1 g dry
2.65 62.4 1.55225 g dry
Summary
g dry
- The dry density corresponding to 70(%) relative density for this sample is 106.5 pcf
140
130
120
110
100
90
Reference - Donovan, N.C. and Sukhmander Singh, "Liquefaction Criteria for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline." Liquefaction Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE Specialty Session, Philadelphia, PA, 1976.
35 30
Average
Reference Donovan, N.C. and Sukhmander Singh, "Liquefaction Criteria for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline." Liquefaction Problems in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE Specialty Session, Philadelphia, PA, 1976.
Class Problem
Given
that the water content of a silty sand that was obtained from a saturated zone of a channel bank measured 24.5 percent What is the estimated relative density of the sand?