Section 5.

Newton’s second law

of motion
• Acceleration and force
• Acceleration and mass
• Newton’s second law of motion
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 78)

Newton’s first law

Newton’s first law

uniform velocity at rest
motion
or

No net
no net force, force
state of motion
doesn’t change
If there is a net force,
state of motion changes,
acceleration
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 78)

Friction-compensated runway

For special tilted angle, uniform

velocity

Component of gravity of trolley

along the plane
= friction on trolley

No net force along the plane,

uniform motion Thinking 5

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 79)

Acceleration and force

• Use friction-compensated runway Expt 5B

Newton’s
second law
A. Acceleration
rubber band and force

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 79)

Acceleration and force

Relation between acceleration and applied force

Force (F) / number of
1 2 3
rubber bands
Acceleration of trolley
0.3 0.6 0.9
(a) / m s-2

• a straight line
• passes through origin

Force / number
of rubber bands
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 80)

Acceleration and force

Force / number
of rubber bands

For fixed mass

a∝F
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 80)

Data-logging set-up
data-logging Expt. 5A
interface Newton’s
second law
motion rubber (data-logging)
sensor band A. Acceleration
and force

hook cart

The v-t graph of the cart

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 80)

Acceleration and mass

Use friction-compensated runway Expt. 5B

Newton’s
second law
B. Acceleration
and mass

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 81)

Acceleration and mass

Relation between acceleration and mass

Mass of trolley (m) / kg 1 2 3
1 ( 1 )/kg−1
Mass of trolleys m 1 0.5 0.33

Acceleration (a) / m s−2 0.6 0.3 0.2

• a straight line
• passes through origin

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 81)

Acceleration and mass

force is constant
1
a∝
m
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 82)

Data-logging set-up

Expt 5A
data-logging Newton’s
interface second law
(data-logging)
B. Acceleration
motion rubber and mass
sensor band

hook
cart

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 82)

Newton’s second law of motion

(1) F1 = F2, resultant force = 0 block at rest

(2) F1 ≠ F2, there is an unbalance force

(net force) on block
the net force causes block movement

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 83)

Newton’s second law of motion

constant m, a ∝ F
1 F ∝ ma
constant F, a ∝
m
Newton’s second law of motion —
acceleration of a body
• directly proportional to the unbalanced force
• inversely proportional to its mass

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 83)

Newton’s second law of motion

direction of acceleration
= direction of unbalanced force
If F1 < F2
direction of unbalanced force to right (+ve)
direction of acceleration to right (+ve)
block moves to right
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 83)

Newton’s second law of motion

When m = 1 kg, a = 1 m s−2,

then F = 1 N

Newton’s second law

of motion

i.e F = ma

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 83)

Gravity
Gravitational pull (gravity)
acting on objects follows
Newton’s second law of
motion

Force = Weight (W)

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 83)

Gravity

On earth,
acceleration of falling (a)
= acceleration due to gravity
= g (10 m s−2)

i.e W = mg

g
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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 83)

Gravity

W = mg

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 To section 5.5

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5.4 Newton’s second law of motion (SB p. 78)

Thinking 5:

Why do we need to set up a friction-compensated

runway? Ans
wer

Return to

Text

Since no surfaces are perfectly smooth, we set up a

friction-compensated runway to eliminate the effect of
friction acting on the trolley by the runway.
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