Petroleum Engineering 406

Lesson 21
Wellbore Trajectory Control
Lesson 18 - Wellbore Trajectory Control
Bent Motor and Bent Sub
Examples
Directional Drilling Measurements
Single Shot and Multishot
Magnetic and Gyro
Steering Tools
MWD tools
Homework
READ: Applied Drilling Engineering,
Ch. 8 (to page 390)
Fig. 8.39: Bent sub unconstrained
and constrained in a wellbore.
Nonmagnetic
Drill Collar
Hole
Orienting Sub
Bent Sub
Mud Motor
Bent Sub
Angle
Bit
| is not necessarily equal to the bent sub angle, but it may be close in (a) above
Problem 1
Determine the effective bent sub
response for a 1 1/2
o
bent sub in a
motor run where at 6,357, o = 1
o
and
c is S85E and at 6,382, o
N
= 1
o
and c
N

is S20E; the tool face is 160
o
right of
high side.

95 = c

160 =
N
c

65 = Ac
ft 25 L =

160 =

1 = o

1 =
N
o
Solution to Problem 1
Calculate | from Eq. 8.53:




Dogleg severity:
| | o o + o o c A = |

cos cos sin sin cos cos
N N
1
| |

1 cos 1 cos 1 sin 1 sin 65 cos cos
1
+ =

07 . 1 999824 . 0 cos
1
= =

ft 100
28 . 4
25
100
07 . 1
L
i
o
= - = | = o
Solution to Problem 1 - contd
If the mud motor length is 25 ft from the
bit face to the bent sub, the maximum
angle change that could be reached if
there are no restrictions is:


The lower rate of build implies that the
formation resisted the maximum rate of
build by a factor of:
ft 100
0 . 6
25
100
5 . 1
o
= - = o
72 . 0
0 . 6
3 . 4
=

An efficiency factor?
= Bent Sub Angle?
Since the value of | for any given run
may differ from the bent sub angle, it
should not surprise us if
Ac
predicted
= Ac
measured

Let us look at some examples.

77
th
= c A

62
ac
= c A

30
ac
= c A

14
th
= c A

16
ac
= c A

33
th
= c A
Fig. 8.40: Example of three jetting stops while trying to
kick off and set the wellbore lead.
Jetted 7 1745-52
Surv 1722: S32W 2.25
o

Orient S90E
Final 1799:
S30E 2.75
o

= -122
o

Nozzle Orientation

77
th
= c A

62
ac
= c A
Jetted 12 1850-62
Surv 1814 S20E 3.0
o

Orient N80E
Final 1877 S36E 3.25
o

= -80
o

14
th
= c A

16
ac
= c A
Jetted 6 1925-31
Surv 1877 S36E 3.25
o

Orient N70E
Final 1940 S66E 4.75
o
= -74
o

30
ac
= c A

33
th
= c A
Directional Drilling
Measurements
The trajectory of a wellbore is determined
by the measurement of:
inclination u, o, I
direction |, c, A
measured depth AMD, AL, L
Directional Drilling
Measurements - contd
A tool-face measurement is required to
orient:
a whipstock
the large nozzle on a jetting bit
a bent sub or bent housing
Directional Drilling
Measurements - contd
Tools available
single-shot magnetic or gyroscopic
multi-shot magnetic or gyroscopic
magnetometers, accelerometers,
MWD tools
Magnetic Single-Shot Instrument
Records
inclination
direction
tool face position
on sensitized paper or photographic film
Inclination may be determined by
a float on a liquid
a pendulum
Magnetic Single-Shot Instrument
Unit may be triggered by:
clock timer.
inertial timer (after stop).

Unit may be dropped (pumped down)
and later retrieved by wireline or the
drillpipe.
Magnetic Single-Shot Instrument
Single-shot instruments are used:
to monitor progress of directional-
control well.
to monitor progress of deviation-control
well.
to help orient tool face for trajectory
change.
Magnetic Single-Shot
Instrument - contd
Procedure:
load film into instrument
activate timer (activate stopwatch)
make up the tool
drop the tool
retrieve tool (wireline or drillpipe)

Fig. 8.41: Schematic diagrams of magnetic single-shot
angle-compass unit (courtesy Kuster Co.).
Light
Housing
Center Post
Float
Fluid
Reference Mark
Main Frame
Photographic
Disc
A. 0-20
o

Angle-Compass Unit
B. 0-70
o

Angle-Compass Unit
Fig. 8.43:
Pendulum
suspended
inclinometer
and
compass
unit for a 0 to
17
o
o
singe-
shot unit.
1. Pendulum
2. Circular Glass
3. Compass
4. Pressure equalization
5. Cover glass
Indicated inclination 5
o
.
Direction of inclination
N 45 degrees 0 or
azimuth 45 degrees.
Fig. 8.42:
Single-shot
film disks
(courtesy of
Kuster Co.).
A/C Units Plumb-Bob Units Incl. Only Units
Inclination
Direction
Tool Face Angle
Fig. 8.12:
Pendulum
assembly: a) plumb-
bob angle unit b) drift
arc inclinometer
Pendulum
Glass ring
Piston
(a) (b)
Fig. 8.13:
Schematic
drawing of
magnetic
single and
multi-shot
instruments.
Hole direction with
reference to Magnetic North
N35
o
W
I = 5.5
o
Fig. 8.44:
Cardan suspended
compass and
inclinometer for a
single-shot
5
o
to 90
o
unit.
Compass
Inclination Scale
Fig. 8.45:
Typical
magnetic
single-shot
tool with
landing sub.
Rope Socket
Swivel
Stabilizer
Stabilizer Fingers
Wire Line Socket
Overshot
Bottom Landing Assembly
Protective Case
Mule Shoe
Mandrel
Bottom Hole
Orienting Sub
Orienting
Anchor & Plug
Takes time. Rig time is costly. Temperature limitation. May have to pump down.
Fig. 8.46: Typical single-shot operation.
Free Falling
to Bottom
Tool
seated
Ready to
be Dropped
Retrieve
single shot
Fig. 8.46:
Typical
single-shot
operation.
Compass Unit
3 min.
Single Shot
Free Falling in
Mud to Bottom
Non
Magnetic
Drill Collar
Orienting Sub
Sleeve
*Single Shot
Instruments are
run on slickline if
there is a mule
shoe sub in the
hole
Single Shot
Ready to be
Dropped
Timer On
Fig. 8.46:
Typical
single-shot
operation.
3
min.
Overshot
Used to
Fish
Single
Shot
Tool seated
in orienting
sleeve or at
stop taking
picture
Wireline
unit to
retrieve
single
shot
10 min.
Fig. 8.47:
Arrangement of the
mule shoe for
orienting a mud motor.
Fishing Neck
Non Magnetic Collar
Single Shot
Mud
Motor
Top View
Existing
Centerline
New Centerline
Bent Sub
Mule Shoe
Key Position
Mule Shoe Orienting Sub
Orienting Sleeve Lined up with Bent Sub
Direction of
Tool Face Via
Bent Sub
Magnetic Multishot Instruments
Are capable of taking numerous survey
records in one run.
May be dropped down the drillpipe or run
on wireline in open hole.
The unit contains a watch that is spring
wound and uses the power of the spring
to operate a timer cam.
Fig. 8.48:
Typical
arrangement
for landing a
multi-shot
instrument.
Non-Magnetic Drill Collar(s)
Compass Position
Multi-shot Instrument
Landing Plate

Fig. 8.49:
Drop
multi-shot
survey
instrument
Angle Unit
Rope Socket
Bottom Landing
Battery Case
Battery
Connector
Bottom Shock Absorber
Assembly
Stabilizer with Rubber Pins
Connector
Shock
Absorber
Barrel Lower Ball Plug
Aluminum Spacer Bar
Protective Instrument Barrel
Watch
Assembly
Fig. 8.50: Views of the watch and camera
unit of a typical multi-shot tool.
Watch Section Motor
Light
Switch
Lever
Geneva
Gear
Winding
Stem
Time Cycle Cam
Watch Switch
Supply
Film Spool
Takeup Film
Spool
Film Sprocket
Motor
Lever
Switch
Geneva Drive
Wheel Assembly
Knife
Switch
Terminal
Magnetic Multishot - contd
The multishot tool is usually dropped down
the drillpipe and landed in the nonmagnetic
drill collar.
During the trip out, a survey is taken every
90 ft, i.e. every stand.
Magnetic Multishot - contd
More closely spaced stations could be
obtained by stopping the pipe more often,
and waiting for a picture.
A stopwatch at the surface is synchronized
with the instrument watch.
Synchronize with instrument watch by
starting at the instant camera lights go on.
Fig. 8.51:
Use of the
surface
watch while
running a
magnetic
multi-shot
operation.
A. 10 seconds -
Lights are on, exposing film
B. 15 seconds - Delay before moving.
This is an allowance for instrument
watch lag during survey.
Time Intervals:
C. 20 seconds - Instrument is
idle allowing movement of drill string
without affecting picture. Most moves
require sufficient time for taking one or
more shots while moving
D. 15 seconds - Minimum time for plumb
bob and compass to settle for good
picture, plus allowance for instrument
gain during survey.
Time Intervals - contd
Fig. 8.52b:
Projection of
one survey
frame for
determining
inclination and
direction.
Steering Tools
Used with mud
motors and bent sub
Can either pull every
stand or use a side
entry sub for
continuous drilling
Mud Motor
Bent Sub
Mule Shoe
Monel DC
Probe
Standard
Measuring
Cable
MWD Tools
MWD Tools
Gyroscopic Tools
Non-magnetic drill
collars used to prevent
magnetic interference
from drillstring
Gyros used if magnetic
interference is from
non drillstring source