Chapter 7 - Energy

Work, Power, Potential and Kinetic Energy and Conservation of Energy

Energy
What is energy? I dont know. We observe transfers of energy or the effects of energy. We cant see most forms, But we can calculate a value for it in its many different forms. (Thermal, electrical, chemical, mechanical, light, etc.) Ability to do work? (This really tells us what it does, not what it is.) It may go in and out of a system, but it is (as far as we know) never lost from the universe.

Related Concept: WORK Work = net force x distance

Fig 7.4

W Fd
Objects motion changes in the direction of the applied net force (Fig. 7.1) Amount of work done is proportional to both the applied net force and the distance the object moves Units of Work: Metric: Newton-meter (Nm) 1 Nm = 1Joule (J) British: Foot-pound (ftlb)

Fig 7.1

Fig 7.2

Only the component of force that is parallel to the direction of the motion does work

Doing work
The object must move. Only the part of the force that is in the direction of the motion of the object does work.

Two categories of Work

Work done against another force
Lifting against the force of Gravity Pushing against the force of friction

Work done to change the speed of an object

Speeding up or slowing down your car

Can energy be transferred from one object or source to another?

Yes! When one object does work on another, this is transfer of energy!

Work is a Scalar Quantity

Work can have a sign, but the sign doesnt mean the direction of the work as a vector
Work is positive if the net force would tend to cause the object to speed up Net Force is in the same direction as velocity . Work is negative if the net force would tend to cause the object to slow down Net Force is in the opposite direction as the velocity.

What is the sign on the work done by gravity on the roller coaster?

When determining the sign, ignore the other forces

Work done by friction is negative both ways

What is the sign of work done by friction?!!!

Power
Power is how fast a person does work, or how fast energy is transformed from one form into another. W P P = Work done/time interval t Units?
Joule/sec (J/s); 1 J/s =1 Watt (1 W). 1 kilowatt = 1 kW = 1000 W 1 hp is approximately 750 W or kW.

More power (to ya)

One Watt of power is the work done in lifting 1N (1/4 pounder) one meter in one second. More power means the ability to do work faster, or doing the same amount of work in less time. It also means we are using energy faster!

When electricity flows through a light bulb, electricity is converted to light and heat The rate at which this conversion is made is called power On the light bulb you will see the power rating, In this instance 40 Watts This means that 40 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat each second that the bulb is on.

Mechanical Energy
Two most common forms:
Potential Energy. The ability to do work by virtue of the position or condition of an object. Kinetic Energy. The ability to do work because of the motion of an object.

Potential Energy
Stored energy: a stretched or compressed spring, a stretched bow, electrons in molecules (chemical energy). Gravitational potential energy: energy possessed by an elevated object. To elevate the object one must do work against the force of gravity (the weight of the object).

Calculating Gravitational Potential Energy

Lets lift a mass (m) straight up a distance h. The upward force required to move m at constant velocity is equal to its weight or mg. So Work = F x d Here: Force = mg d = height (h) therefore
PEg = (mg) x h >>> PEg = mgh

Gravitational Potential Energy

Note: h is above some chosen reference level See figure 7.4 and 7.6 The thing that is significant is that there is a change in PE (a change in elevation). PE can be transformed into kinetic energy, the energy of motion.

Fig 7.6

See figure 7.6. Increase or decrease i n PEg is independent of the path taken to get there. Path matters not!

Fig. 7.6

Fig 7.7

Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion KE = mv2 Units? (1 kg) (1 m/s)2 = (1 kg) 1 m2/s2 = (1 kgm/s2) 1 m = 1 Nm = 1 J It is the work required to bring an object from rest to a given speed (positive work), or the work required by the object (or against it) the object can do while being brought to rest (negative work).
Point: Work required to move or to stop motion!

XXXKinetic Energy
1 2 KE mv 2
The KE of the object depends On both the mass of the object And its speed

Q. Object A and object B move with the same speed. If object B has three times the mass of object A, how much more KE does it have? A. KE is directly proportional to mass, so 3x the mass gives 3x the KE. Q. Object A and object B have the same mass. If object B moves with three times the speed of object A, how much more KE does it have? A. KE is directly proportional to the speed squared, so 3x the speed gives 32x the KE or 9x the KE.

Table, p.120

Work and Kinetic Energy

Work-Energy Theorem Work done by the net force equals the change in kinetic energy of the object.
Worknet = KE

Work is not energy, but a way of transferring energy from one place to another or one object to another.

Work and Kinetic Energy

The final speed of the object depends on the Net work done on the object
When net work is positive, the object Will speed up and KE increases

When net work is negative, The object will slow down and KE decreases

When net work is zero, the object Moves with constant velocity and The KE doesnt change

XXXWork and Kinetic Energy

Q. An 8-kg object is sliding across a floor at a speed of 10 m/s. What is the objects KE?

KE

1 2 1 mv (8)(10) 2 400J 2 2

Q. Object B has twice the speed of object A and the same mass. How much more work does it take to stop B than to stop A? A. The work needed to do this is equal to the change in KE. When B has 2x the speed it has 4x the KE. In stopping, it loses all the KE, so it loses 4x the KE. Therefore it will require 4x the work to stop B.

Work and Kinetic Energy

A 50-N pail is being lifted 6-m by a rope with a tension of 75-N. Find the change in the pails KE during this process. Is it an increase or decrease? Find the work done by each force: the tension and gravity. WT = T d = (75N)(6m) = +450J Wg = Weight d = -(50N)(6m) = -300J (why is this negative?) Wnet = WT + Wg = 450J 300J = +150J Apply the work-energy formula Wnet = KE = +150J This is an increase in KE. The rope puts in 450J of energy while Gravity removes 300J of energy. This leaves a net gain of 150J of KE.
50 N 75 N

Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form to another, but the total amount never changes. For a given system, it may be transferred in or out. Examples: Figure 7.12 the circus diver Pendulum Vibrating Spring Roller Coaster

Fig. 7.10

ME = PE + KE

Fig. 7.14

ME = PE + KE

PE
PE +
KE

PE + KE
PE +

KE

KE

ME = PE + KE

Simple Machines
Device for multiplying force or changing the direction of a force (or multiplying distance and speed) Levers
Parts - effort arm, fulcrum, load arm Classes
First Class Examples: seesaw, scissors, car jack o Second Class Examples: Wheel Barrow, nut cracker o Third Class Examples: fishing pole, broom, golf club, forceps
o

First Class Lever

Fig. 7.15

First Class Lever

Fig. 7.16

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

Summary

It just keeps . . .

getting . . .

Worse!

Law of Lever