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INTRODUCTION
Every movement needs motor system e.g. : reading, writing, talking, walking, watching tv, playing instruments, etc Orchestrated by coordinated action of multi organs or regions of nervous system How if the system doesnt work? e.g. : hemiparesis/plegi, tetraparesis/plegi, paraparesis/plegi
Decision
Control circuits
Spinal interneurons
Skeletal muscles
Lower motor neuron innervate skeletal muscle Spinal motorneurons act in spinal region Descending pathway deliver motor information from brain to LMN postural/gross & fine movement pathways Control circuits Basal ganglia & cerebellum Motor planning area frontal cortex
Motor planning
Descending pathway
Control circuit
2 types : & motoneuron Cell body ventral/post horn of spinal cord Spinal cord ventral root (radix ventralis) peripheral nerve skeletal muscle Characteristics of motoneurons :
Axon type Size & myelination Large myelinated Medium myelinated Innervates Extrafusal muscle fibers Inrafusal muscle fibers
Motor Units
SPINAL REGION
2 types of movement
Reflexive
Simple Not
Spinal reflex
Proprioceptive reflex Cutaneous Reflex
Proprioceptive Reflex
Cutaneous Reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Proprioceptive reflex
Medial activation system for postural & gross movement Lateral activation system for fine movement Nonspecific activating pathway local reflex arc
Tectospinal tract
Activate cervical spinal cord for head movement
Corticobulbar tract
Part of corticospinal axon
Rubrospinal tract
Upper limb flexor muscle
Facilitate flexor and inhibit extensor motoneuron Reverse activity of pyramidal tract
2. Raphespinal tract
From raphe nuclei
CONTROL CIRCUITS
Basal ganglia and cerebellum Influence motor area in cortex via thalamus Project to brainstem to control descending pathway
Basal Ganglia
Nucleus lentiformis
Neurotransmitters :
GABA, Substance P & Dopamin
Functions :
Iniciation, facilitation and sequencing of movements, Motor synergy, regulating muscle tone and muscle force
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Basic functions :
Gross anatomy :
Functional anatomy :
Vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular) : equilibrium Spinocerebellum (vermis) : movement Cerebrocerebellum : planning and accuracy
Cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
THANK YOU