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2
.
For n = 1: Thus the number of states of energy E
1
is g(E
1
)=2(1)
2
= 2;
For n = 2: The number of states of energy E
2
is g(E
2
) =2(2)
2
= 8;
[A.Beiser 1] At what temperature would one in a thousand of the atoms in a gas of
atomic hydrogen be in the n = 2 energy level?
Solution: (a) The ratio between the numbers of atoms in the n = 1 and n = 2 states is
1
2
( )
( )
n E A
n E
=
1
/
1
( )
B
E k T
g E e
A
1 2
2
( )/
1
/
2 2
( )
( ) ( )
B
B
E E k T
E k T
g E
e
g E g E e
=
4
11.82 10
1000 2
1 8
T
e
=
The result is
( )
19 4
1 2
23
10.2 1.6 10 11.82 10
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T T T
= =
=
( )
4 4
11.82 10 11.82 10
14251
ln 4000 8.294
T K
= = =
[A.Beiser 2] The temperature in part of the suns atmosphere is 5000 K. Find the
relative numbers of hydrogen atoms in this region that are in the n = 1, 2, 3, and 4
energy levels. Be sure to take into account the multiplicity of each level.
Since, number of possible states that correspond to the quantum number n is 2n
2
.
g(E
1
)=2(1)
2
= 2; g(E
2
) =2(2)
2
= 8; g(E
3
) =2(3)
2
= 18; g(E
4
) =2(4)
2
= 32;
Solution: (a) The ratio between the numbers of atoms in the n = 1 and n = 2 states is
1 2
( )/
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
B
E E k T
n E g E
e
n E g E
=
23.64 9
1
2
( ) 2
4.6 10
( ) 8
n E
e
n E
= =
( )
19
1 2
23
10.2 1.6 10
23.64
5000
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T
= =
E
1
= 13.6 eV, E
2
= 3.4 eV, E
3
= 1.51 eV, E
4
= 0.85eV,
and E
1
E
2
= 10.2 eV, E
1
E
3
= 12.1 eV, E
1
E
4
= 12.75 eV,
28.05 11
1
3
( ) 2
1.69 10
( ) 18
n E
e
n E
= =
( )
19
1 3
23
12.1 1.6 10
28.05
5000
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T
= =
29.56 11
1
4
( ) 2
4.3 10
( ) 32
n E
e
n E
= =
( )
19
1 4
23
12.75 1.6 10
29.56
5000
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T
= =
[A.Beiser 3] The 3
2
P
1/2
first excited state in sodium is 2.093 eV above the 3
2
S
1/2
ground state. Find the ratio between the numbers of atoms in each state in sodium
vapor at 1200 K.
Solution: (a) The ratio between the numbers of atoms in the n = 1 and n = 2 states is
( )
19
1 2
23
2.093 1.6 10
20
1200
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T
= =
1 2
( )/ 20 8
1
2
( ) 2
1.6 10
( ) 6
B
E E k T
S
P
n g E
e e
n g E
= = =
[A.Beiser 4] The frequency of vibration of the H
2
molecule is 1.32 x10
14
Hz. (a)
Find the relative populations of the = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 vibrational states at 5000
K. (b) Can the populations of the = 2 and = 3 states ever be equal? If so, at
what temperature does this occur?
1
2
E n hv
| |
= +
|
\ .
0 1 2 1 3 2 4 3
E E E E E E E E hv = = = =
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
32 14
( )/ /
1 1
23
2 2
2
0 3 2
1 3 4
6.62 10 . 1.32 10
( ) ( )
exp
( ) ( ) 5000
1.38 10
( ) ( ) ( )
1.266 10
( ) ( ) ( )
B B
E E k T h k T
J s Hz
n E g E
e e
n E g E
n E n E n E
n E n E n E
v
| |
|
= = =
|
\ .
= = = =
For a one-dimensional oscillator the degeneracy of each state is 1.
For n(E
2
) = n(E
3
),
3 2 2
3 3 2
( )
1 exp
( )
B B
E n E E
n E k T k T
(
= =
(
3 2
3 2
E E
T T
=
Since degeneracy of each state is same, populations of the = 2 and = 3
states will never be equal at one temperature. For different temperatures,
[A.Beiser 8] Show that the average kinetic energy per molecule at room
temperature (20C) is much less than the energy needed to raise a hydrogen
atom from its ground state to its first excited state.
Solution: The average kinetic energy per molecule at room temperature
(20C) is
( )
( )
21
23
2
21 19
3 3
293 6.06 10
1.38 10
2 2
9.7 10
6.06 10 1.6 10
kT J
eV eV
= =
= =
Energy needed to raise a hydrogen atom from its ground state to its first
excited state is 10.2 eV
E
1
= 13.6 eV, E
2
= 3.4 eV and E
1
E
2
= 10.2 eV,
[A.Beiser 10] Show that the de Broglie wavelength of an oxygen molecule
in thermal equilibrium in the atmosphere at 20C is smaller than its diameter
of about 4 x 10
10
m.
Solution: The average kinetic energy per molecule at room temperature
(20C) is
( )
( )
21
23
2
21 19
3 3
293 6.06 10
1.38 10
2 2
9.7 10
6.06 10 1.6 10
B
E k T J
eV eV
= = =
= =
31 21 5 1
2 2 9.1 10 6.06 10 10.5 10 p mE kg J kg m s
= = =
Corresponding momentum is
The de Broglie wavelength is
34
30
5
6.62 10
6.3 10
10.5 10
h
m
p
= = =
= =
[A.Beiser 23] An object is at a temperature of 400C. At what temperature would it
radiate energy twice as fast?
4
R T
Since,
For, R 2R; T 2
1/4
T
[A.Beiser 29] Considering the sun as a blackbody at 6000 K, estimate the
proportion of its total radiation that consists of yellow light between 570 and
590 nm.
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
3 3
/ 3 3
8 8
u u( )d
1 1
B
x
B
h k T x
x
h h x k T
d dx
c e c e
h
v v
v
v v
t v t
v v v
| |
= = =
|
\ .
} } }
B
h
x
k T
v
= where
( )
( )
4
3 2
3
2
5
3 6 6
4
1
1
x
x
x
x e
x x x
x
dx
e
e
+
+
=
}
2
/ 570 v c nm =
1
/ 590 v c nm =
Radiation between and + d , is
/ 5
1
u( )d 8
1
B
hc k T
h
c d
e
t