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DNA replication
Thymine (T)
Sugar (deoxyribose)
5 end
3 end
3 end
5 end
P P
Mitoza este procesul de diviziune celular, specific celulelor eucariote, prin care dintr-o celul-mam rezult doua celule-fiice, identice din punct de vedere genetic
CICLUL CELULAR
decondensarea cromozomilor
Bubble
Replication of DNA:
base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand new strand is 1/2 parent template and 1/2 new DNA
replication fork
DNA Polymerase
Bidirectional synthesis of the DNA double helix Corrects mistaken base pairings Requires an established polymer (small RNA primer) before addition of more nucleotides Other proteins and enzymes necessary
Energy of Replication
energy energy
Energy of Replication
DNA bases arrive with their own energy source for bonding bonded by enzyme: DNA polymerase III
ATP
GTP
TTP
CTP
5
energy Replication DNA
Adding bases
Polymerase III
energy
energy
energy DNA
Polymerase III
3 5
ligase
Lagging strand
5 3
Leading strand
3
Lagging strand
5 3
Leading strand
continuous synthesis
DNA Replication
Priming:
1. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there must be small pre-existing primers (RNA) present to start the addition of new nucleotides (DNA Polymerase). 2. Primase: enzyme that polymerizes (synthesizes) the RNA Primer.
DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
1. DNA Polymerase: with a RNA primer in place, DNA Polymerase (enzyme) catalyze the synthesis of a new DNA strand in the 5 to 3 direction.
5
RNA Primer
3
5
Nucleotide
DNA Polymerase
DNA Replication
5
Nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
DNA Replication
3. Lagging Strand: also synthesized in the 5 to 3 direction, but discontinuously against overall direction of replication (replication fork)
5 3
5
Leading Strand
3
5 3
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
5
Lagging Strand
DNA Replication
4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short segments on the lagging strand.
DNA Polymerase
5
3
Lagging Strand
3
5
DNA Replication
5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond joining fragments
Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together.
DNA ligase
5 3
Okazaki Fragment 1
Okazaki Fragment 2
3 5
Lagging Strand
3 5
3 5
5 3
telomeres
DNA ligase
Telomeres
5 3
5 3
telomerase
5
Telomerase
TTAAGGGTTAAGGG 3
enzyme extends telomeres can add DNA bases at 5 end different level of activity in different cells
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
TRANSLATION
Protein
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 John B. Gurdon eliminated the nucleus of a frog egg cell and replaced it with the nucleus from a specialised cell taken from a tadpole. The modified egg developed into a normal tadpole. Subsequent nuclear transfer experiments have generated cloned mammals
Shinya Yamanaka
Shinya Yamanaka studied genes that are important for stem cell function. When he transferred four such genes into cells taken from the skin, they were reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells that could develop into all cell types of an adult mouse. He named these cells induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
iPS cells can now be generated from humans, including patients with disease. Mature cells including nerve, heart and liver cells can be derived from these iPS cells, thereby allowing scientists to study disease mechanisms in new ways.