BASIC CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1: THEORY OF PARTICLES & MATTER CHAPTER 2: CHANGES IN STATE OF PARTICLES

Matter: Anything that occupies space & has mass.

Matter
Made up of tiny & discrete particles

Atom
The smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction.

Molecule
A group of 2/> atoms which are chemically bonded together.

Ion
A +ly charged / -ly charged particles.

Element
A substance made only of identical atoms.

Compound
A substance made up of 2/> different atoms / ions.

MOLECULE

Physical & chemical changes

State of Matters

3. 8. 5. 7. 6. 4.

9. 1. 2.

1. Solid

Has a fixed volume and shape. Cannot be compressed. Particles are pac ed closely together in an orderly manner.

!trong forces bet"een the particles. Particles can only vibrate & rotate about their fixed positions.

2. Liq id

Has a fixed volume. #oes not have a fixed shape but ta es the shape of the container. Cannot be compressed easily. Particles are pac ed closely together but not in an orderly manner. Particles are held together by strong forces but "ea er than the forces in a solid.

Particles can vibrate$ rotate & move throughout the li%uid. &hey collide against each other.

!. "as

#oes not have a fixed shape or volume. Can be compressed easily. Particles are very far apart from each other and in a random motion.

'ea forces bet"een the particles. Particles can vibrate$ rotate & move freely. &he rate of collision in gas is greater than li%uid.

(. ,. .. /. 0. 1.

!olid ) *i%uid+ Heat energy is absorbed. *i%uid ) -as+ Heat energy is absorbed. !olid ) -as+ Heat energy is absorbed. -as ) !olid+ Heat energy is given out. -as ) *i%uid+ Heat energy is given out. *i%uid ) !olid+ Heat energy is given out.

Heating curve of a substance

Temperature (C)
!olid melting+ particles absorb heat energy *i%uid boiling+ heat energy is absorbed . -as particles absorbs more energy & move faster

b.p

m.p

*i%uid particles move faster

!olid particles absorb energy & vibrate faster$ inetic energy increases.

Time (min)

1.

Exists in solid state. &emperature belo" its melting point. &he particles are very closely pac ed together and can only vibrate.
2.

1.

2.

Particles absorb more energy and vibrate faster. &emperature & inetic energy increases. Exists in solid state. Heat energy absorbed by the particles is enough to overcome the forces of attraction bet"een them. !olid begins to melt & changes into li%uid.

2.

!.

Exists in both solid and li%uid state. &emperature remain unchanged5 the constant temperature is the melting point. Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction bet"een the particles.

!.

!.

Exists in li%uid state. &he melting process ends.

#.

Exists in li%uid state. &emperature & inetic energy increases. &he particles move faster.

#.

Exists in li%uid state. Heat energy absorbed by the particles is enough to overcome the forces of attraction bet"een them. *i%uid begins to change into gas.
$.

#.

Exists in both li%uid and gaseous state. &emperature remains unchanged5 the constant temperature is the boiling point. Energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction bet"een the particles.

$.

Exists in gaseous state.

$.

%.

&he gas particles continue to absorb more energy & move faster. &emperature increases as heating continues.

COOL !" curve of a substance

&emperature 67C8
2 '.& 3 4 -as cooling+ particles losing inetic energy *i%uid cooling+ particles losing inetic energy *i%uid free9ing+ particles moving closer m.& -as condensing+ Particles moving closer ( , !olid cooling .

&ime 6min8

1.

Exists in gaseous state. &he particles have very high energy and move randomly &he forces of attraction bet"een the particles are very "ea

1.

2.

2.

Exists in gaseous state. Particles lose inetics energy. &emperature decrease. Exists in gaseous state. !tronger forces of attraction formed. -as begins to condense and changes into li%uid.

2.

!.

Exists in both gaseous and li%uid state. &emperature remain unchanged5 the constant temperature is the boiling point. Energy produced during the formation of forces of attraction is e%ual to the heat energy released to the surroundings during cooling.

!.

Exists in li%uid state. All the gas particles have condensed into li%uid.
#.

!.

Exists in li%uid state. &emperature decreases. &he particles lose more inetic energy and move slo"er.

#.

Exists in li%uid state. &he particles have very little energy and begin to move closer to"ards one another. *i%uid begins to free9e into solid.
$.

#.

Exists in both li%uid and solid state. &emperature remains unchanged5 the constant temperature is the free9ing point. !tronger forces of attraction formed during free9ing releases energy. &he energy released is the same as the energy lost to the surroundingd.

$.

All the li%uid free9es into solid. &he particles are closely pac ed in an orderly manner.

$.

%.

Exists as a solid. &emperature decreases as cooling continues.

Historica# $eve#opment of atomic mo$e#s

%ubatomic partic#es of an atom

Proton ; symbol+ p ; <elative charge+ =2 ; <elative mass+ 2 :ucleus (e tron ; symbol+ n ; <elative charge+ > ; <elative mass+ 2 Electron ; symbol+ e ; <elative charge+ ;2 ; <elative mass+ approximately >.>>>,

%&mbo# of e#ement

isotopes
Atoms of same element "ith same number of proton but different number of neutrons.

'ses of isotopes
Co'alt)%* &reatment of cancer.

!odium;3( #etect lea s in pipes carrying gas.

@;Cobalt;.> #estroy bacteria in food.

?!E!
Phosphorus;43 In fertili9er to study the metabolism of P in plants Carbon;2( Estimate the age of fossil & artefacts

(#ectronic structure of atom

1st shell + 2 electrons 2nd shell + , electrons !rd shell + , electrons

( cle s

Electron -alence Electron

2st shell
&he Can

nearest to the nucleus. hold a max. of 3 electrons & "ill be filled first.

3nd shell
Can

hold a max. of 0 electrons.

4st shell.
Can

hold a max. of 20 electrons.

Aalence electron B electron of the outermost shell.