Frequency Hopping

GTSS - Global Telecommunications Solution Sector

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Frequency Hopping Concepts

Carrier 0 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4 Carrier 5 GSM Frame 1 GSM Frame 2 GSM Frame 3 GSM Frame 4 S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 F S B B

Carrier 0 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4 Carrier 5

GSM Frame 5 GSM Frame 6 GSM Frame 7 GSM Frame 8 S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B B B B

Frequency Hopping is a GSM standard feature, that allows changing the frequency used in transmission at regular intervals.
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Frequency Hopping Concepts

Included in GSM to lead with 2 RF link Phenomenons
Multipath fading: using different frequencies reduce the probability of continuous fading (Frequency Diversity)

Interference: permanent interference from neighbour cells will be avoided because the call will move through different frequencies (Interference Averaging)

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Frequency Diversity Non Hopping

Freq. 1

Error Bursts

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Frequency Diversity Hopping

Freq. 1

Error Bursts

Freq. 2

Error Bursts
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Interference Averaging non hopping

f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1

Wanted Call (f1 fixed)

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

Interfering Call (f1 fixed)

Corrupted Burst ! ! !
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Interference Averaging Hopping

f1 f3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f1 f3 f1 f2 f3 f2 f1 f2 f1 f3 f2 f3 f1 f2 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f1

Wanted Call (Pseudorandom over f1, f2, f3)

f3

f2

f1

f3

f1

f3

f2

f3

f1

f2

f1

f3

f1

f2

f3

f1

f2

f1

f3

f2

f1

f3

f1

f2

f1

f2

f3

Interfering Call (Pseudorandom over f1, f2, f3)

Corrupted slots only ! !

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Quality Capacity Trade Off

Q U A C A P Q C

U
A Q U A C A P C A P

A
P

OR

Q U A

OR

Non Hopping

Hopping

Hopping

Hopping

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Base Band Hopping

BCCH DRCU1

3x9 Base Band Hopping Burst

1 2 3

TCH DRCU2

Timeslot
5 5 5

Freq. DRCU
f1 f2 f3 1 2 3

f1

f2

f3

TCH DRCU3

4
5 6 7

5
5 5 5

f4
f1 f2 f3

4
1 2 3

BCCH carrier with 4x12 or 5x15 reuse

Non-BCCH carriers - 3x9 reuse

DRCU = Diversity Radio Channel Unit

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

TCH DRCU4

f4

Base Band Hopping

DRCUs are always transmiting a fixed frequency Cavity Combiners can be used Frequencies to hop over depend on the number of DRCUs Timeslots 1-7 of BCCH can carry traffic and hop
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Synthesiser Frequency Hopping

Calls remain in the same DRCU, which retune Wideband combiners must be used Frequencies to hop over can be greater than the number of DRCUs If BCCH frequency is in the hopping sequence, timeslots 1-7 cannot carry traffic
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Reuse Patterns

1x3 Reuse Pattern 3x9 Reuse Pattern Base Band Hopping

Number of ARFCN = Number of transceivers One transceiver has a fixed frequency.

1x1 Reuse Pattern

Synthesised Frequency Hopping

Number of ARFCN > Number of transceivers 1x1 Reuse is better than 1x3 Reuse for Frequency Planning, but it does not increase the capacity of the system.

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Reuse Patterns
1x3 Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
4x12 or 5x15 reuse for BCCH 3 Groups of Non-BCCH carriers: Group A: f0, f3, f6,...fn-2 Group B: f1, f4, f7,...fn-1 Group C: f2, f5, f8,...fn Non-adjacent MAIO N carriers / 2N frequencies
0 3 6

1x1 Synthesiser Frequency Hopping

4x12 or 5x15 reuse for BCCH 1 Group of Non-BCCH carriers: Group A: f0, f1, f2,...fn Unique MAIO 16 % frequency load for cell ( 50% frequency load for site )

0 6 12

A A
4 1016 2 8 14

2 5 8

1 4 7

A C B

MAIO = Mobile Allocation Index Offset

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Synthesised Frequency Hopping

Reuse Patterns Quality & Capacity
1/3
12 ARFCNs
P/ Hopping

BCCH 4/12 or 5/15 4/12 ARFCNs setor A 4/12 ARFCNs setor B 4/12 ARFCNs setor C

1/1
12 ARFCNs P/ Hopping

BCCH 4/12 or 5/15 12 ARFCNs setor A 12 ARFCNs setor B 12 ARFCNs setor C

Non-adjacent MAIO - N radios / 2N frequencies 0 3 6 9

A

Unique MAIO - Frequency Load = 50% site 1 2 . . . . . . . 12

A C
2 5 8 11 1 4 7 10 1 2 . . . . . . . 12 1

B
2 . . . . . . . 12

MAIO = Mobile Allocation Index Offset

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

SFH versus BBH

Important:
BBH Hopping frequencies = number of carriers More than three carriers per cell necessary Only medium capacity gain possible 1x3 SFH N carriers /2N frequencies frequency load for cell Best fit for regular sector configuration High capacity gain and High quality possible Indicated for Higher Loading

50% freq load is the limit and requires very careful RF design and engineering.
A guard band between BCCH and TCH is highly recommended. One BCCH channel will act as a source of constant interference for one of the other sectors.

1x1 SFH 50 % frequency load for site (16 % freq. load for cell ) Interference control through manual MAIO planning High capacity gain and High quality possible Indicated for Lower Loading

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

SFH versus BBH

Quality
Both SFH & BBH enhance the quality. SFH performs better with few carriers per cell.

Capacity
Very aggressive frequency reuse is only viable with SFH. Very high capacity gain with SFH.

Frequency Planning
SFH only requires BCCH Planning. Adding a new site only requires to select a frequency for the BCCH.

Hardware Impacts
SFH can not be implemented with Cavity Combiners. Hybrids are useful for both SFH & BBH.

Hopping BCCH
BBH can be implemented on the BCCH. It is not worth doing it with SFH.

Flexibility
The integration of a new site is easier with SFH. No interdependence between the different carriers of the cell in SFH.

Synthesiser Frequency Hopping is clearly the best

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

SFH versus BBH

FREQUENCIES AVAILABLE CONFIGURATIONS FIXED BBH SFH TRAFFIC OFFERED (E/Km ) FIXED BBH SFH
2

CAPACITY INCREASES

BBH /
FIXED

SFH /

SFH /
BBH

24 36 48 60

2/2/2 3/3/3 4/4/4 5/5/5

2/2/2 * 4/4/4** 5/5/5 6/6/6 *

3/3/3 5/5/5 7/7/7 9/9/9

31.32 56.91 83.64 111.54

31.32 83.64 111.54 135.99

56.91 111.54 164.64 222.30

47% 33% 22%

82% 96% 97% 99%

82% 33% 48% 63%

(*) 3 frequencies left

0.5 Km / site (Area of 0.785 Km2)

FIXED

(**) One of the frequencies will be reused in a 2x3 pattern

56.91 Erl / Km2

3794 subs / Km2

15 mErl / subs

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

GSM Network in Reality

Bandwidth Total Guard band BCCH TCH 5000 kHz 25 ARFCN 1 ARFCN 12 ARFCN ( reuse 4x12 ) 25 - 1 - 12 = 12 ARFCN for hopping

1x3 Reuse 2/2/2 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 2 carriers (radios) per sector, each one hopping over 4 frequencies BTS 3/3/3 ( 44.7 Erl ) 1x1 Reuse 2/2/2 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 6 carriers (radios) per cell, each one hopping over 12 frequencies BTS 3/3/3 ( 44.7 Erl )

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

GSM Network in Reality

Bandwidth Total Guard band BCCH TCH 7500 kHz ( Diviso da Banda C pela Anatel ) 37 ARFCN + 100KHz 1 ARFCN 12 ARFCN ( reuse 4x12 ) 37 - 1 - 12 = 24 ARFCN for hopping

1x3 Reuse 4/4/4 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 4 Carriers (radios) per sector each hopping over 8 frequencies BTS 5/5/5 ( 84.7 Erl ) 1x1 Reuse 4/4/4 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 12 Carriers (radios) per cell, each hopping over 24 frequencies BTS 5/5/5 ( 84.7 Erl ) > Quality !!!

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

GSM Network in Reality

Bandwidth Total Guard band BCCH TCH 15 MHz 75 ARFCN 2 ARFCN 12 ARFCN ( reuse 4x12 ) 75 - 2 - 12 = 61 ARFCN for hopping

1x3 Reuse 6/6/6 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 33.3% frequency load 6 carriers (radios) per sector, each hopping over 18 frequencies BTS 7/7/7 ( 129.2 Erl ) + 7/6/6 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) on 2 sites 7 carriers (radios), hopping over 21 frequencies BTS 8/7/7 ( 136.7 Erl )

1x1 Reuse 7/7/7 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 35% frequency load 7 carriers (radios) per sector, each one hopping over 20 frequencies BTS 8/8/8 ( 151.8 Erl )
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

GSM Network in Reality

No Frequency Hopping Channels 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 Band [MHz] 2,4 4,8 7,2 9,6 12 14,4 16,8 19,2 Conf. 111 222 333 444 555 666 777 888 Frequency Hopping (FL=50%) Channels 24 30 36 42 48 54 Band [MHz] 4,8 6 7,2 8,4 9,6 10,8 Conf. 333 444 555 666 777 888

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Quality Improvement on 1x3 SFH

TCH RF_Loss
1 0,9

Percentage

0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0

0,902 0,71

20 % reduction in RF Loss on TCH carriers More successful handovers 10 % reduction in dropped calls due to handover failures
Percentage

FIXED SYSTEM

1x3x6

HO Fail Rate
1,14 1,12 1,1 1,08 1,06 1,04 1,02 1 0,98 0,96

1,14

1,03

FIXED SYSTEM
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

1x3x6

Quality Improvement on 1x1 SFH

DROPPED CALLS AND FAILS ON HANDOVERS
Configuration
2.50 94.00

CALL AND HANDOVER SUCCESS RATE

Configuration

2.00

2.41 1.68

92.00 90.00

92.4

93.1

1.50

(%)

1.45
1.00

1.46

(%)

88.00 86.00 84.00

87.1 85.3

87.9 86.4

0.50 82.00 0.00 80.00

SFH 1x3x6
HO_FAIL

SFH 1x1x18
DROPPED CALLS

SFH 1x3x6
SETUP_SUC

SFH 1x1x18
CALL_SUC HO_SUCC

30% reduction in Dropped Call Rate Superior subjective voice quality (Qvoice results) perceived by users Nearly as good call success performance as on microcells

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.

Thank You!

3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary

Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.