Cara membaca sebuah makalah imiah

Adi Hidayat

Why bother?
Journal papers are current Textbooks are often years out of date You can get enough details to replicate what you read about Adapt cutting edge ideas and techniques to your own research

Why bother?
Training of critical faculties You can see whether you agree with conclusions Because one day soon you could be writing papers too!

What kind of paper?

Original research? Review paper? Peer-reviewed? or invitation only High-impact journal? authors reputation?

Struktur makalah ilmiah

IMRAD Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion + Conclusions Plus Title, abstract, authors, acknowledgements, references Tables and figures; legends

Struktur makalah ilmiah

Variations Pressures on length versus accessibility to non-expert Combined Results and Discussion On-line supplements

Reading a scientific paper

(1)

Who were the authors ? Trusted? What questions does the paper address? Who were the subjects? How the data were collected? What sort of study : observations/experimental? What did they find? Conclusion consistent with result? Clinical implication?

Reading a scientific paper

The research question should be both clearly stated and answered by the end of the article. Datawho is being studied? Research articles should provide a good description of the data used in the analysis (2)

Reading a scientific paper

Take notes as you read. it improves recall and comprehension Develop a template for recording notes on articles you read, large collection of articles, this template will help you distinguish articles (3)

Who wrote the paper?

Professional background of authors. The research center . Peneliti utama (principal researcher) Gender differences in HIV-I diversity at time of infection. E. Michelle Long, Harold L Martin, Joan K. Kries, Stephanie M.J.Rainwater, Ludo Lavreys, Joel Rakwar .

Who wrote the paper?

Division Human Biology USA, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Medicine and Epidemiology USA, Department of Microbiology Kenya. This project from several disciplines

The work came from research Center in 2 countries

Judul
Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovacsular diseases and all-cause mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Weili Zhang, esther Lopez-Garcia, Tricia Y Li, Frank B.Hu, Ros van Dam. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1043-5.

Variabel bebas

Subjek penelitian

Variabel tergantung

Introduction
Coffee drinking is widespread across the world and has been linked with both beneficial and harmful effects on biological markers and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) Penulis menyadari masih Kontradiksi minum kopi dan CVD Masalah penelitian

Introduction
Therefore we prospectively examined the relationship between coffee and coronary heart disease, stroke and mortality among men with type 2 diabetes Tujuan penelitian dalam introduction Objective of the study

Research Methods
The Health Professional Follow up Study (HPFS) is a prospective cohort study, 3,497 men 45-75 years with type 2 diabetes in 1986. Coffee intake was assessed questionnaire 1986,90,94,98,2002. Rancangan Penelitian observasional

Subjek penelitian

Results
Stratified analysis showed no direct association between coffee consumption and CVD risk in any subgroups by risk factor status ( smoking, hypertension, parental history of CVD) Hasil penting penelitian baca di results

Conclusions
In this large prospective study higher habitual coffee consumption was not associated with a higher risk of CVD or all-cause mortality. Because coffee drinking is often an unhealthy habit, people developing hypertension quit or reduce consumption Kesimpulan Implikasi klinik

Bacalah abstrak di bawah ini

Diare masih merupakan penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian anak batita (bawah tiga tahun) di Indonesia. Pada anak batita diare secara umum dibagi dalam tiga tipe : diare akut, memanjang dan persisten. Pemberian cairan rehidrasi oral pada penderita diare akut mampu menurunkan kematian.

Bacalah abstrak di bawah ini

Saat ini perhatian ditujukan untuk mengatasi diare memanjang dan persisten. Pada kejadian diare terjadi kehilangan seng dan dapat menimbulkan defisiensi seng. Untuk menilai efek pemberian seng terhadap diare memanjang dilakukan penelitian eksperimental secara random, buta ganda, menggunakan kontrol.

Bacalah abstrak di bawah ini

Sebanyak 1185 anak batita yang menderita diare akut diberikan perlakuan (seng atau plasebo) dan cairan rehidrasi oral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, risiko terjadinya diare memanjang pada kelompok yang diberikan seng 0,78 kali lebih kecil dibandingkan kelompok yang tidak diberikan seng (95% Confidence interval 0,64 - 0,93).

Bacalah abstrak di bawah ini

Pemberian seng pada anak batita yang mengalami diare akut mampu menurunkan risiko terjadinya diare memanjang secara bermakna. (Hidayat A. Pemberian seng menurunkan risiko terjadinya diare memanjang pada anak batita. J Kedokt Trisakti 1998;117 : 71- 8.)

Masalah penelitian tersebut yang paling tepat dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut : E A. Kadar seng yang berkurang menimbulkan diare memanjang. B. Diare merupakan masalah kesehatan utama. C. Diare sebagai penyebab penting kematian anak batita D. Penatalaksanaan diare memanjang masih sangat sulit. E. Diare sebagai penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian anak batita

Tujuan penelitian tersebut yang paling tepat adalah : D A. Menilai kadar seng pada anak batita. B. Menilai pengaruh pemberian seng terhadap diare akut. C. Menilai cara seng dalam menurunkan insidens diare memanjang D. Menilai efek pemberian seng terhadap diare memanjang. E. Menilai efek protektif seng terhadap kejadian diare akut.

Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan penelitian tersebut adalah : C A. Cross-sectional. B. Case-control. C. Kohort D. Survei E. Eksperimental

Yang merupakan variabel tergantung adalah : D A. Pemberian seng B. Pemberian cairan rehidrasi oral C. Defisiensi seng D. Diare memanjang pada anak batita E. Ibu anak batita

Yang merupakan variabel bebas adalah : A A. Pemberian seng B. Pemberian cairan rehidrasi oral C. Defisiensi seng D. Diare memanjang E. Ibu anak batita

Subjek penelitian pada studi tersebut adalah : A. Kesakitan anak batita B. Kematian anak batita C. Anak batita D. Anak batita dengan diare akut E. Anak batita dengan diare memanjang

Daftar Pustaka
1. Bowers D, House A, Owens D. Understanding clinical papers. New York : John Wiley & Sons,Ltd;2003. 2. Dunifon R. How to read a research article. 2005. Available at : http:www.parenting.cit.cornell.edu. Accessed Sept 27,2009.

Daftar Pustaka
3. Purugganan M, Hewitt J. How to read a scientific article. 2004. Supported by the Cain Project for Engineering and Professional Communication. Rice University.