Transformational-Generative Grammar

By Group 2:

Irma savitri Arman ardhy Asbar ismail

Historical Background

This study was established by a young professor of Modern Languages at Massachusetts Institutes of Technology in 1957, and published as the basic beliefs of the language establishment and become profound effect on language studies. The professor was A. Noam Chomsky with his book entitled Syntactic Structures

A linguist who modified the rigid requirements of structural linguistics to make use of specific insights was Zellig Harris. He hope that the structural grammarians might find a way to classify and describe the utterances, and the linguist may extend their research in reaching theories concerning the logic (describes the use of valid reasoning in some activities) of languages regularities.

Furthermore, Chomsky examined and evaluated two known grammar models are elementary linguistic theory and phrase structure grammar (constituent or IC grammar). Elementary linguistic theory is a simple, linear and left to right model as graphically represented following diagram:

The next model which Chomsky examines is phrase structure grammar. Chomsky had written a satisfactory model for an IC grammar in Syntactic Structures for a number of years. He analogize and demonstrates the language, like Mathematics which using a system in a finite numbers of rules to generate an infinite number become correct results. Examples: (3 + 4) x 10 = 70 3 + (4 x 10) = 43

TG Grammar, Early Form: An overview

Chomsky had extend the process to get more abstract linguistics facts by his two major contribution in Syntactic Structure: 1) Introducing Mathematical method of writing grammar rules; 2) Adding a third level, the transformation level to grammar theory. The model those Generative Grammar was three level rule based system: Level I : Phrase Structure Rules Level II: Morphophonemic Rules Level III: Transformational Rules

Level I : Phrase Structure Rules

The boy liked the dog

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PS RULE S NP + VP NP D+N VP MV + NP MV T + V T Past D the N {boy, dog} V Like Past -ed

PS RULE 1 2 S NP + VP NP D+N

RESULTING STRING NP + VP D + N + VP

3 2
4 5 6 7 8 6 7

VP MV + NP NP D+N
MV T + V T Past D the N {boy, dog} V Like D the N {boy, dog}

D + N + MV + NP D + N + MV + D + N
D+N+T+V+D+N D + N + Past + V + D + N The + N + Past + V + D + N The + Boy + Past + V + D + N The + Boy + Past + Like + D + N The + Boy + Past + Like + The + N The + Boy + Past + Like + The + Dog

Past -ed

The # Boy # -ed + Like # The # Dog

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules

1. S NP + VP 2. NP D+N a. NP b. NPsing (D) + N + sing c. NPpl (D) + N + pl d. sing e. pl -s

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules

(cont)

3. VP MV + NP > VP MV (+Comp) 4. MV T + V > MV Aux + V Aux T (M + ) (have + -en) (be + -ing) 5. T Past > T past -ed ( 3, pres ( M {will, can, must, may, }

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules

(cont)

6. D the D {the, a, an, some, } 7. N {boy, dog} N {boy, dog, man, John, book, } 8. V Like
V v vi {walk, run, fall, } vt {like, take, give, write, vl {seem, appear, feel, remain, }

The Modified Phrase Structure Rules

(cont)

+ Comp + Adj {sad, good, } Adv {here, there,}

The Model of Generative Grammar (1)

LEVEL I : (PS- RULES) LEVEL II ; MORPHOPHONEMIC RULES (M- RULES)

is a term which belongs to the intersection of morpheme and phoneme. ex. boy + boy man + man boy + -s boys man + -s men

(2)
After applied PS- Rules and M-Rules, that strings become like these ; Ex: The # boy # -s + feel # bad The # men # -ed + like # the # books

But, these above are not English sentences. It is required to turn to the third level named transformational rule to produce an actual sentence.

(3)
Level I : (PS- rules) Level II ; (M- Rules) Level III : Transformational Rules ( T- Rules )
The condition of the grammar based on

Chomskys view to be an adequate theory: External conditions of adequacy Condition of generality.

(4)
Chomskys three-level TG grammar outlined the

sentence derivation process as follows: Kernel Sentence = One Terminal String + One or more Obligatory Transformations Transformation = One or more Terminal Strings + One or more Obligatory Transformations + One or more Optional Transformations

(5)
Then, it will formulate like these. Aux - T (M + ) (have + -en) (be + ing) (be + en) For then all we need to do is to specify the kind of terminal string to which the passive transformation rule may apply :
NP1 + Aux + Vt + NP2 NP2 + Aux + (be + -en) + Vt + by + NP1

S
Pattern 1 VP

NP
D pl Aux MV V

NP

vi

the

boy

-s

-ed

run

S Pattern 2 NP VP sing Aux MV V comp NP

D
T Vt

sing

The

boy

-ed

like
the dog

S Pattern 3 NP

VP
sing Aux MV V D T Vt NP N Sing Comp NP

Pl

The

Teacher

-ed lend the boy some book -s

S Pattern 4 NP VP MV Aux V D T Th e boy -s Vt NP N pl N comp NP Pl

pl

think the girl -s

baby

-s

S Pattern 5 NP VP D N sing Aux T The movie -ed MV V D Vt make The boy sad NP N Sing comp adj

S
Pattern 6 NP D N sing Au x T MV V

V P comp NP

D
Vtrh

pl

the

man

-ed

have

several

gun

-s

Pattern 7:

Pattern 8:

Pattern 9:

Pattern 10:

Pattern 11:

VARIATION OF KERNEL SENTENCES

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES (Rules of Formation)

1. S 2. NP Pro + num sing 3. num pl 4. sing 5. pl NP + VP
(D) N + num

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES (Rules of Formation)

6. VP 7. MV 8. V be vi (+ part) vt (+ part) vtm vl MV (+ Comp) (+ Adv) Aux + V v

9. v

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES (Rules of Formation)

10. Aux 11. MV 12. past 13. pres

T (M + ) (have+en) (be+ing) past pres ed s

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES (Rules of Formation)

NP NP + NP NP + (Q) Adj (Q) Adj Adv advp advt (Q) advm

14. Aux

15. MV

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES (Rules of Formation)

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. D N vi vt vtm vl M part Adj a, an, the, some, several, any, every,.. man, boy, dog, book, Yusuf, chaos, health,. walk, run, fall, fly,.. like, take, give, write, consider, make,.. have, cost, total, weigh,. seem, appear, feel, remain,.. will, can, must, may, ought to,.. in, out, up, down, on, off, over, with,..
bad, good, beautiful, in the pink, out of sorts,.

MODIFIED PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES (Rules of Formation)

25. advp 26. Advt 27. advm 28. Q there, here, in the room, at the store,.
now, then, often, in the morning, during recess,.

quickly, rapidly, in a minute, on the double,.

quite, very, more, much, less, extremely, absolutely,.

THATS ALL THANK YOU