Yuniarti

Anatomy department Faculty of Medicine UNISBA

The cerebellum , the second-largest part of the brain The cerebellum is posterior to the medulla and pons & inferior to the posterior portion of the cerebrum

 In superior /inferior views, the shape of the cerebellum is somewhat like a butterfly The central constricted area is the vermis The lateral is cerebellar hemispheres

 The cortex of the vermis influences the movements of the long axis of the body, namely, the neck, the shoulders, the thorax, the abdomen, and the hips. Intermediate zone of the cerebellar hemisphere to control the muscles of the distal parts of the limbs, especially the hands and feet. The lateral zone of each cerebellar hemisphere appears to be concerned with the planning of sequential movements of the entire body and is involved with the conscious assessment of movement errors The flocculonodular lobe is the simplest part of the cerebellum and helps control balance and eye movements.

 A deep groove known as the horizontal fissure Each hemispheres consists of lobes : - Anterior lobe& Posterior Govern subconcious aspect of skeletal muscle movements - Flocculonodular lobe contributes to equilibrium & balance

Have 2 part : - superfisial layer cerebellar cortex (gray matter) - deep layer white matter

. The cerebellar cortex has ridges called folia. The white matter of the medulla resembles a branching tree and is called the arbor vitae.

 The nuclei of the cerebellum are located in the deep inferior center of the white matter

Intracerebellar nuclei

Four masses of gray matter are embedded in the white matter of the cerebellum on each side of the midline From lateral to medial, these nuclei are the dentate, the emboliform, the globose, and the fastigial.

Intracerebellar nuclei

Fibers from the dentate, emboliform, and globose nuclei leave the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Fibers from the fastigial nucleus leave through the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

 There is a small amount of white matter in the vermis; it closely resembles the trunk and branches of a tree and thus is termed the arbor vitae.

There is a large amount of white matter in each cerebellar hemisphere.

The white matter is made up of three groups of fibers: (1) intrinsic (2) afferent (3) efferent.

Intrinsik fibers Afferent fibers

Do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ. Some interconnect folia of the cerebellar cortex and vermis on the same side; others connect the two cerebellar hemispheres together.

form the greater part of the white matter and proceed to the cerebellar cortex. They enter the cerebellum mainly through the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles.

Efferent fibers

constitute the output of the cerebellum The axons of the neurons then leave the cerebellum

Climbing fibers

Purkinje fibers

Mossy fibers

 The climbing fibers are the terminal fibers of the olivocerebellar tracts They are so named because they ascend through the layers of the cortex like a vine on a tree. They pass through the granular layer of the cortex and terminate in the molecular layer by dividing repeatedly. Each climbing fiber wraps around and makes a large number of synaptic contacts with the dendrites of a Purkinje cell

 A single Purkinje neuron makes synaptic contact with only one climbing fiber.

However, one climbing fiber makes contact with 1 to 10 Purkinje neurons.

A few side branches leave each climbing fiber and synapse with the stellate cells and basket cells.

 A single mossy fiber may stimulate thousands of Purkinje cells through the granule cells

 Pharmacologic research has suggested that the excitatory climbing and mossy afferent fibers use glutamate (gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) as the excitatory transmitter on the dendrites of the Purkinje cells. Further research has indicated that other afferent fibers entering the cortex liberate norepinephrine and serotonin at their endings that possibly modify the action of the glutamate on the Purkinje cells.

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinocerebellum Neo- or cerebrocerebellum

 responsible for balance and gait is connected to the fastigial nucleus

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinocerebellum

concerned with coordinating the activities of the limb musculature connects with the interposed nucleus (the globose and emboliform)

Neo- or cerebrocerebellum

involved with the overall coordination of voluntary motor activities and is also involved in motor planning connects to the dentate nucleus.

Pathway 1)Corticopontocerebellar

Function Conveys control from cerebral cortex Conveys control from cerebral cortex

Origin Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes Sensorimotor areas

Destination Via pontine nuclei and mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex Via inferior olivary nuclei and climbing fibers to cerebellar cortex Via reticular formation

2)Cerebro-olivocerebellar

3)Cerebroreticulocerebellar Conveys control from cerebral cortex

Pathway
4)Anterior spinocerebellar

Function
Conveys information from muscles and joints

Origin
Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors

Destination
Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex

5)Posterior spinocerebellar

Conveys information from muscles and joints

Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors

Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors

Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex

6) Cuneocerebellar

Conveys information from muscles and joints of upper limb

Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex

Pathway
7)Vestibular nerve

Function

Origin

Destination
Via mossy fibers to cortex of flocculonodular lobe Cerebellar cortex

Conveys Utricle, information of saccule, head position and and semicircul movement ar canals Conveys Red nucleus, information tectum from midbrain

8)Other afferents

Pathway Globoseemboliformrubral

Function Influences ipsilateral motor activity

Origin Globose and emboliform nuclei

Destination To contralateral red nucleus, then via crossed rubrospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord To contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus, then to contralateral motor cerebral cortex; corticospinal tract crosses midline and controls ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord

Dentothalamic

Influences ipsilateral motor activity

Dentate nucleus

Pathway Fastigial vestibular

Function Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone

Origin Fastigial nucleus

Destination Mainly to ipsilateral and to contralateral lateral vestibular nuclei; vestibulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in spinal cord To neurons of reticular formation; reticulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons to spinal cord

Fastigial reticular

Influences Fastigial ipsilateral muscle nucleus tone

Note that each cerebellar hemisphere influences the voluntary muscle tone on the same side of the body.

Cerebellar Peduncles
The cerebellum is linked to other parts of the central nervous system by numerous efferent and afferent fibers that are grouped together on each side into three large bundles, or peduncles. The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain The middle cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the pons The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata.