CHAPTER 1

M E A S U R EM E N T S
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

MEASUREMENT
You are making a measurement when you Check you weight

Read your watch Take your temperature Weigh a cantaloupe

What kinds of measurements did you make today?

STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT
When we measure, we use a measuring tool to compare some dimension of an object to a standard.

SOME TOOLS FOR MEASUREMENT

LEARNING CHECK
From the previous slide, state the tool (s) you would use to measure A. temperature____________________ B. volume ____________________ ____________________ C. time ____________________ D. weight ____________________

SOLUTION
From the previous slide, state the tool (s) you would use to measure
A. temperature thermometer measuring cup, watch B. volume graduated cylinder C. time

D. weight

scale

MEASUREMENT IN C&I
In C&I we

Control process

measure quantities
use numbers to report measurements

LEARNING CHECK
What are some U.S. units that are used to measure each of the following?
A. length B. volume C. weight D. temperature

SOLUTION
Some possible answers are
A. length inch, foot, yard, mile

B. volume cup, teaspoon, gallon, pint, quart

C. weight ounce, pound (lb), ton

D. temperature F

METRIC SYSTEM (SI)

Is a decimal system based on 10 Used in most of the world Used by scientists and hospitals

UNITS IN THE METRIC SYSTEM

length volume
meter liter m L

mass

gram g
C

temperature Celsius

STATING A MEASUREMENT
In every measurement there is a

Number
followed by a

Unit from measuring device

LEARNING CHECK
What is the unit of measurement in each of the following examples? A. The patients temperature is 102F.
B. The sack holds 5 lbs of potatoes. C. It is 8 miles from your house to school. D. The bottle holds 2 L of orange soda.

SOLUTION
A. B. C. D. F (degrees Fahrenheit) lbs (pounds) miles L (liters)

LEARNING CHECK
Identify the measurement in metric units. A. Johns height is 1) 1.5 yards 2) 6 feet 3) 2 meters
B. The volume of saline in the IV bottle is 1) 1 liters 2) 1 quart 3) 2 pints

C. The mass of a lemon is 1) 12 ounces 2) 145 grams

3) 0.6 pounds

SOLUTION
A. Johns height is 3) 2 meters
B. The volume of saline in the IV bottle is 1) 1 liter

C. The mass of a lemon is 2) 145 grams

2.1 DISTANCE AND LENGTH

Key Question: How do we accurately communicate length and distance?

meter centimeter millimeter kilometer inch foot mile surface area volume weight

metric system conversion factor time interval precision accuracy kilogram gram mass English system

atom inertia molecule mixture element base power of ten exponent scientific notation distance length

2.1 DISTANCE AND LENGTH

measurement a quantity and a unit distance -

is a length
the amount of space between two points

2.1 TWO SYSTEMS OF UNITS

Science problem solving requires both:

Metric system English system

2.1 UNITS OF LENGTH

The common units of measurement in the English system are inches, feet, yards, and miles.
These four length units are related to the meter.

2.1 CONVERT UNITS

conversion factor is the number by which you multiply or divide a quantity in one unit to express the quantity in a different unit.

2.1 CONVERT LENGTH

A football field is 100 yards long. What is this distance expressed in meters?

2.1 SURFACE AREA VS. VOLUME

surface area is the measurement of the extent of an objects surface or area without including its thickness.
volume is a measure of the space occupied by a object.

2.1 CALCULATE SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

A basketball has a radius of 12.5 centimeters. Calculate the surface area and volume of the ball. 1. You are asked to find surface area and volume.

2.
3.

4.

A ball is shaped like a sphere and you are given the radius. Surface area: A = 4r2; volume: V = (4/3)r3 Solve...

2.2 TIME

Key Question: How do we measure and describe time?

*Students read Section 2.2 AFTER Investigation 2.2

2.2 TIME

Two ways to think about time:

What time is it?
3 P.M. Eastern Time on April 21, 2004,

How much time has passed?

3 hr: 44 min: 25 sec.

A quantity of time is often called a time interval.

2.2 CONVERTING MIXED UNITS

1. 2.

You are asked for time in seconds. You are given a time interval in mixed units. 1 hour = 3,600 sec 1 minute = 60 sec 3. Do the conversion: 1 hour = 3,600 sec 26 minutes = 26 60 = 1,560 sec 4. Add all the seconds: t = 3,600 + 1,560 + 31.25 = 5,191.25 sec

2.2 TIME UNITS

2.2 ACCURACY AND PRECISION

accuracy is the quality of being exact and free from error. how close a measurement is to the true value. precision is the degree of mutual agreement among a series of individual measurements, values, or results.

2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

Key Question: How is mass described?

*Students read Section 2.2 AFTER Investigation 2.3

2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

Mass
is the amount of stuff an object contains.

Two effects mass has on matter:

weight

is the force of the Earths gravity pulling down. Gravity acts on an objects mass.
inertia

is the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion. Inertia comes from mass.

2.3 MEASURING MASS

kilogram is the mass of 1 liter of water or 1,000 cubic centimeters of water.

Length & Distance Conversions Sometimes information is available in units different than the desired units. We can use conversion tables to convert the information into another measurement unit. For example, this table shows inches converted into feet. There are conversion tables for any type conversion you may need to make.

The two main measurement systems you will encounter are the U.S. Unit of Measurement Standard and the Metric System of Measurement. The two tables below show some of the common conversions among each system.

It is often necessary to convert from Standard to Metric or from Metric to Standard. Conversions between systems of measure require conversion factors. For example: If you would like to convert 3 miles (a Standard unit of distance) to kilometers (a Metric unit of distance) you would multiply the miles by the conversion factor of 1.6093. 3 miles x 1.6093 = 4.8279 kilometers To convert 3 kilometers to miles you would divide the kilometers by the conversion factor 1.6093 3 kilometers / 1.6093 = 1.8642 miles

Volume and Density Conversions Volume and density are related measurements, but measure very different properties. Volume: the measure of the amount of space an object occupies. Density: the measure of the quanity of matter an object possesses. There are both dry and liquid measures: M Litre

Major Measurement Systems Two of the major unit measurement systems are: Metric system U.S. units of measurement For the purposes of this lesson, the focus will be on converting Metric units and U.S. Units of Measurement, referred to as "Standard."

If 1 ton (T) is equal to 0.907 megagrams (Mg) or "metric ton" (t) and you have a load of 3.4 tons of coal. How many "metric tons" of coal do you have? 1T = 0.907t 3.4 x 0.907 = "x" "x" = 3.0838t So, which is heavier? 3.4T or 3.1t They actually weigh the same, but are measured differently.

For example: Steam coming into a turbine is approximately 600 Fahrenheit (F). Steam generator logs require you to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius (C). C = (F - 32) x 5/9 therefore, C = (600F - 32) x 5/9 C = 568F x 5/9 C = 315.556 Therefore, 600F = 315.556C

Another example: You have 3 liters (L) of stearic acid. How many fluid ounces of stearic acid do you have? 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliter (mL) 1 fl oz = 29.57 mL 3 L = 3000 mL 3000 mL 29.57 mL = "x" Therefore, "x" = 101.45 fl oz Every day, you account the hours you worked on a time card. While unloading a shipment, you worked 210 minutes. How many hours did you work, unloading the shipment? 1 hour (hr) = 60 minutes (min) 210 min 60 = "x" "x" = 3.5 hrs

2.3 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Scientific notation works by expressing very small or very large numbers as the product of two numbers that are individually much easier to deal with.
The first number is called the base. The second number is a power of ten. The base is usually written with only one digit in front of the decimal point. ex. 2,500 would be written 2.5 103 The small numeral 3 in 103 is called the exponent.

2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

atom the smallest particle of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other atoms.

element
composed of all of the same kind of atom.

2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

molecule is a neutral group of atoms that are chemically bonded together; it is the smallest particle of a compound that can exist by itself and retain the properties of the compound.

mixture is a substance that contains a combination of different compounds and/or elements and be separated by physical means.

2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

The three most common forms of matter are called solid, liquid, and gas. At temperatures greater than 11,000 C the atoms in a gas start to break apart and form plasma.

2.3 MASS, MATTER AND THE ATOM

Solids - Atoms in a solid stay together because the energy per atom is too low to break the bonds between atoms.
Liquids- Liquids flow because atoms have enough energy to move around by temporarily breaking and reforming bonds with neighboring atoms. Gases- Gas atoms have enough energy to completely break bonds with each other.

Plasma- In plasma, matter becomes ionized as electrons are broken loose from atoms.

Length:

1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) = 0.6214 miles (mi) = 3281 feet (ft)

1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1.0936 yards (yd) = 3.281 feet = 39.37 inches (in)
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters (mm) = 0.3937 inches 1 micron (m)= 10-6 meters = 10-4 centimeters = 3.937 x 10-5 inches

Area: 1 square kilometer (1 km2) = 106 sq. meters (m2) = 0.3861 sq. miles (mi2) = 247.1 acres 1 m2 = 104 sq. centimeters (cm2) = 1.196 sq. yards = 10.764 sq. feet = 1550.0 sq. inches

Volume: 1 cubic kilometer = 109 cubic meters (m3) = 0.2399 cubic miles 1 cubic meter = 106 cubic centimeters = 1.308 cubic yards = 35.31 cubic feet = 61024 cubic inches 1 litre (1) = 1000 cm3 = 10-3 cubic meters = 0.264 US gallons (US gal) = 61.024 in3

Mass: 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kilograms = 2204.6 avoirdupois pounds (means pound of mass not force) 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) = 2.2046 avoirdupois pounds

Time:
1 day = 86400 seconds (s) 1 year (yr) =3.156 x 107 seconds

Velocity/Speed:
1 m/s= 3.281 feet/second = 3.6 kilometers /hour = 2.237 miles/hour 1 kilometer/hour = 0.62 miles/hour (mi/hr) 1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour = 1.151 miles/hour = 0.51 m/s = 1.85 km/hr

Force: 1 newton (N) = 1 kilogram meter/(sq. second)= 0.2248 pounds force Pressure: 1 atmosphere = 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa) = 101.32 kilopascals (kPa) = 14.7 pounds/ sq. inch (lb/in2) = 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) = 29.92 inches of mercury 10 millibars (hPa) = 1 kilopascal (kPa) 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 newton /meter2 = 0.01 millibars (mb) = 0.01 hectopascals (hPa) 1 millibar (mb) = 1 hectopascal (hPa)

Temperature: Temperature in oC = 5/9(temperature in oF - 32)

Temperature in oF = 9/5(temperature in oC) + 32 Temperature in K = temperature in oC + 273.15

Energy: 1 joule (J) = 1 newton meter (N m) = 1 kg m2 s-2 = 0.239 calories = 1 watt sec (W s) 1 calorie (cal)= 4.186 joules (J) 1 langley = 1 calorie /square centimeter 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 x 106 J

Power: 1 watt (W) = 1 joule / second (J / s) = 14.3353 calories /minute (cal/min) 1 calorie/second = 4.186 joules /second (J/s) = 4.186 watts (W) 1 calorie/minute = 0.06973 watts (W) 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts (W)