Chapter

Chapter One
What Is Organizational Behavior Apa Itu Kelakuan Organisasi

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OBJECTIVES LEARNING
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Define organizational behavior (OB).
2. Describe what managers do. 3. Explain the value of the systematic study of OB. 4. List the major challenges and opportunities for managers to use OB concepts. 5. Identify the contributions made by major behavioral science disciplines to OB.
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11
O B J E C T I V E S (contd) LEARNING
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

6. Describe why managers require a knowledge of OB.
7. Explain the need for a contingency approach to the study of OB.
8. Identify the three levels of analysis in this books OB model.
12
The Importance of Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace Kepentingan Kemahiran Interpersonal Di Tempat Kerja. Interpersonal Skills Result In Hasil Kemahiran Interpersonal Dalam
Understanding OB helping to determine manager effectiveness Memahami OB membantu untuk menentukan keberkesanan pengurus. Leadership and communication skills that are critical as a person progresses in a career Kepimpinan dan kemahiran komunikasi adalah penting sebagai orang yang maju dalam kerjaya. Lower turnover of quality employees Tukar ganti pekerja yang berkualiti lebih rendah. Higher quality applications for recruitment Pengambilan pekerja yang berkualiti tinggi. Better financial performance Prestasi kewangan yang lebih baik.
1-3 Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI
What Managers Do Apa Yang Dilakukan Oleh Pengurus Managers (or administrators) Pengurus (atau pentadbir)
Individuals who achieve goals through other people. Individu yang mencapai matlamat melalui orang lain.
Managerial Activities Aktiviti Pengurusan: Make decisions Membuat keputusan. Allocate resources Mengagihkan Sumber. Direct activities of others to attain goals Pengarahan aktiviti yang boleh mencapai matlamat.
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Where Managers Work Dimana Pengurusan Bekerja

Organization Organisasi
A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.
Satu unit sosial secara sedar diselaraskan, terdiri daripada dua atau lebih ramai orang, yang berfungsi secara yang agak berterusan untuk mencapai matlamat yang sama atau set matlamat
15
Management Functions Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan

Planning Merancang Organizing Mengatur
Management Functions Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan
Controlling Mengawal
Leading Mengarah
16
Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.) Planning Merancang

A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities. Satu proses yang meliputi menentukan matlamat, mewujudkan strategi dan membina rancangan untuk menyelaraskan aktiviti.
17
Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.) Organizing Mengatur

Determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. Menentukan apakah tugas-tugas yang perlu dilakukan, siapa yang melakukannya, bagaimana tugas-tugas yang perlu dikumpulkan, siapa melapur kepada siapa, dan di mana keputusan akan dibuat
18
Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.)
Leading Mengarah
A function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts. Satu fungsi yang meliputi memotivasikan pekerja, mengarah orang lain, memilih saluran komunikasi yang paling berkesan, dan menyelesaikan konflik.
19
Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.) Controlling Mengawal

Monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations. Aktiviti pemantauan untuk memastikan mereka mencapai seperti apa yang dirancang dan membetulkan apa-apa penyelewengan yang ketara.
110
Mintzbergs Managerial Roles Peranan Pengurusan Mintzberg

Mintzberg concluded that managers perform ten different, highly interrelated roles or sets of behaviors attributable to their jobs. Mintzberg menyimpulkan bahawa pengurus melaksanakan sepuluh tugas yang berbeza, peranan sangat saling berkaitan atau set tingkah laku yang berkaitan dengan kerja mereka.
Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright 1973 by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.
E X H I B I T 11 111
Mintzbergs Managerial Roles (contd)
E X H I B I T 11 (contd) 112
Mintzbergs Managerial Roles (contd)
E X H I B I T 11 (contd) 113
Management Skills Kemahiran Pengurusan

Technical skills Kemahiran Teknikal
The ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. Keupayaan untuk menggunakan pengetahuan khusus atau kepakaran.
Human skills Kemahiran Kemanusiaan

The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups. Keupayaan untuk bekerja dengan, memahami, dan memberi motivasi kepada orang lain, kedua-dua individu dan dalam kumpulan.
Conceptual Skills Kemahiran Konseptual

The mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations. Keupayaan mental untuk menganalisis dan mendiagnosis keadaan yang kompleks.
Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities (Luthans) Keberkesanan vs Aktiviti Pengurusan Yang Berjayan (Luthans).
1. Traditional management
Decision making, planning, and controlling
2. Communication
Exchanging routine information and processing paperwork
3. Human resource management

Motivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing, and training
4. Networking
Socializing, politicking, and interacting with others
Allocation of Activities by Time Peruntukan Aktiviti Mengikut Masa
Source: Based on F. Luthans, R.M. Hodgetts, and S.A. Rosenkrantz, Real Managers (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988).
E X H I B I T 12 116
Enter Organizational Behavior Pengenalan Kelakuan Organisasi Organizational Behavior (OB) Kelakuan Organisasi
A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness.
Satu bidang kajian yang menyelidiki kesan kelakuan atau perangai seseorang individu, kumpulan dan struktur di dalam mempraktikkan ilmu tersebut bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan organisasi.
Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study Menggantikan Naluri Dengan Pembelajaran Sistematik
Intuition Naluri
A feeling not necessarily supported by research. Perasaan tidak semestinya disokong oleh penyelidikan.
Systematic study Kajian Sistematik

Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence. Melihat hubungan, cuba untuk mengaitkan sebab dan kesan, dan membuat kesimpulan berdasarkan bukti saintifik Provides a means to predict behaviors. Menyediakan satu cara untuk meramalkan tingkah laku.
Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study Menggantikan Naluri Dengan Pembelajaran Sistematik
Preconceived Notions Tanggapan Awal
The Facts Fakta
119
Major Behavioral Science Disciplines That Contribute to OB

Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. Kelakuan organisasi adalah sains tingkah laku gunaan yang dibina di atas sumbangan daripada beberapa disiplin tingkah laku.
1-20
Toward an OB Discipline Ke Arah Disiplin OB
E X H I B I T 13 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI 121
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Disiplin-disiplin Yang Menyumbang Kepada Bidang OB Psychology Psikologi
The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. Sains yang bertujuan untuk mengukur, menjelaskan, dan kadang-kadang mengubah tingkah laku manusia dan haiwan lain.
E X H I B I T 13 (contd) Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI 122
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Disiplin-disiplin Yang Menyumbang Kepada Bidang OB Sociology Sosiologi
The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings. Mengkaji tentang kaitan antara seorang individu dengan orang lain.
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Disiplin-disiplin Yang Menyumbang Kepada Bidang OB Social Psychology Psikologi Sosial
An area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another. Satu bidang/subset di dalam psikologi yang menggabungkan konsepkonsep daripada psikologi dan sosiologi dan yang memberi tumpuan kepada pengaruh orang di antara satu sama lain.
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Disiplin-disiplin Yang Menyumbang Kepada Bidang OB Anthropology Antropologi
The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.
Kajian mengenai masyarakat untuk mempelajari tentang manusia dan aktiviti-aktiviti mereka.
Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Disiplin-disiplin Yang Menyumbang Kepada Bidang OB Political Science Sains Politik
The study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment.
Mengkaji tingkah laku individu-individu dan kumpulan-kumpulan dalam persekitaran politik.
Source: Drawing by Handelsman in The New Yorker, Copyright 1986 by the New Yorker Magazine. Reprinted by permission.
There Are Few Absolutes in OB Serba Sedikit Ketepatan Dalam OB

Contingency variables Pemboleh Ubah Kontingensi
Situational factors: variables that moderate the relationship between two or more other variables and improve the correlation. Faktor situasi: pemboleh ubah yang memoderasikan hubungan antara dua atau lebih pemboleh ubah lain dan meningkatkan korelasi.
x
Contingency Variables
y
128
Challenges and Opportunities for OB

Responding to Globalization
Increased foreign assignments Working with people from different cultures Coping with anti-capitalism backlash Overseeing movement of jobs to countries with lowcost labor
Managing Workforce Diversity

Embracing diversity Changing U.S. demographics Implications for managers
Recognizing and responding to differences
129
Major Workforce Diversity Categories
Gender
Disability Age Non-Christian Race Domestic Partners
National Origin
Challenges and Opportunities for OB (contd)

Improving Quality and Productivity
Quality management (QM) Process reengineering
Responding to the Labor Shortage

Changing work force demographics Fewer skilled laborers Early retirements and older workers
Improving Customer Service

Increased expectation of service quality Customer-responsive cultures
131
What Is Quality Management?

1. Intense focus on the customer. 2. Concern for continuous improvement. 3. Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does.
4. Accurate measurement.
5. Empowerment of employees.
Improving Quality and Productivity

Quality management (QM)
The constant attainment of customer satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes. Requires employees to rethink what they do and become more involved in workplace decisions.
Process reengineering
Asks managers to reconsider how work would be done and their organization structured if they were starting over. Instead of making incremental changes in processes, reengineering involves evaluating every process in terms of its contribution.
Challenges and Opportunity for OB (contd)

Improving People Skills Empowering People
Stimulating Innovation and Change

Coping with Temporariness Working in Networked Organizations
Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts

Improving Ethical Behavior
134
Basic OB Model, Stage I Model OB Asas, Tahap I

Model Model
An abstraction of reality. A simplified representation of some realworld phenomenon.
Suatu yang berasingan daripada realiti. Satu gambaran yang diringkaskan bagi mewakili suatu fenomena dunia sebenar.
The Dependent Variables Pemboleh Ubah Bersandar

Dependent variable Pemboleh Ubah Bersandar
A response that is affected by an independent variable.
Respons yang dipengaruhi oleh pemboleh ubah bebas.
136
The Dependent Variables (contd) Pemboleh Ubah Bersandar (samb.)

Productivity Produktiviti A performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency. Satu ukuran prestasi yang meliputi keberkesanan dan kecekapan. Effectiveness Keberkesanan Achievement of goals.
Pencapaian matlamat.
Efficiency Kecekapan The ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it. Nisbah output yang berkesan untuk input yang diperlukan untuk mencapainya.
The Dependent Variables (contd) Pemboleh Ubah Bersandar (samb.)

Absenteeism Ketidakhadiran
The failure to report to work. Kegagalan untuk melaporkan untuk bekerja.
Turnover Pusinganti
The voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization. Keluar secara kekal sukarela dan tidak sukarela dari organisasi.
The Dependent Variables (contd)

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)
Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employees formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.
139
The Dependent Variables (contd) Job satisfaction

A general attitude toward ones job, the difference between the amount of reward workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive.
140
The Independent Variables

Independent variable
The presumed cause of some change in the dependent variable. Independent Variables
Individual-Level Variables
Group-Level Variables
Organization System-Level Variables
141
Basic OB Model, Stage II

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Chapter One

What Is Organizational Behavior Apa Itu Kelakuan Organisasi

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

8. Identify the three levels of analysis in this books OB model.

Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Where Managers Work Dimana Pengurusan Bekerja

Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Management Functions Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan

Management Functions Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.) Planning Merancang

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.) Organizing Mengatur

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.)

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Management Functions (contd) Fungsi-Fungsi Pengurusan (samb.) Controlling Mengawal

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Mintzbergs Managerial Roles Peranan Pengurusan Mintzberg

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Mintzbergs Managerial Roles (contd)

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Mintzbergs Managerial Roles (contd)

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Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Management Skills Kemahiran Pengurusan

Human skills Kemahiran Kemanusiaan

Conceptual Skills Kemahiran Konseptual

3. Human resource management

Allocation of Activities by Time Peruntukan Aktiviti Mengikut Masa

Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Systematic study Kajian Sistematik

Preconceived Notions Tanggapan Awal

The Facts Fakta

Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Major Behavioral Science Disciplines That Contribute to OB

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Toward an OB Discipline Ke Arah Disiplin OB

Mengkaji tingkah laku individu-individu dan kumpulan-kumpulan dalam persekitaran politik.

There Are Few Absolutes in OB Serba Sedikit Ketepatan Dalam OB

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Challenges and Opportunities for OB

Managing Workforce Diversity

Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Kapt. Kamarul Bahari bin Yaakub, FPE, UPSI

Major Workforce Diversity Categories

Challenges and Opportunities for OB (contd)

Responding to the Labor Shortage

Improving Customer Service