Presented by: Shalini Agarwal Mukesh Kumar Pratibha Shrivastava

1. Introduction of microstrip antenna. 2. Analysis of butterfly shaped antenna design.

3. Mathematical formulation and calculation of all dimensions. 4. Types of Feeding techniques 5. Design Parameters 6. Simulation results and Discussions 7. Applications 8. Conclusion 9. References

An antenna is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In other words, antenna converts electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or vice versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves, and are a necessary part of all radio equipments.They are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-topoint radio communication. They are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil at certain frequencies for short distances.

Microstrip antenna: Introduction

Patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in a metal trace. A microstrip antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, and a ground plane on the other side

Structure of microstrip antenna It is bonded to an insulating material dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board with a continuous metal layer bonded to opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Common microstrip antenna shapes are square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape is possible.

Avantages:1) Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities. 2) Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization. 3) Less size, low mass. 4) Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces. 5) High performance, light weight and low volume. Disadvantages :1) Narrow bandwidth associated with tolerance problem. 2)Lower gain(nearly 6dB), large ohmic losses in feed structures. 3)Relatively low efficiency (due to dielectric and conductor losses). 4)Low power handling capacity. 5)Inherently low impedance bandwidth.

We consider the design of a multiband antenna. As shown in Fig. 1, the radiating element consists of two overlapped elliptical discs of minor radius 12 mm and a major radius 26.4mm (elliptically ratio 2.2) forming the two wings of the butterfly. Two annular slot rings of an outer radius r1 = 1.56mm and an inner radius r2 = 1mm have been cut out from the radiating patch. Antenna is fed by a microstrip line of width W1= 1.5 mm and length L1 =16mm. The width of the indirect coupled feed gap between the microstrip line and patch is 0.5mm. The proposed antenna is etched on 1.575mm-thick Rogers RT Duroid 5880 (r = 2.2 and loss factor tan = 0.0009)substrate. The length and the width of the dielectric substrate are L = 40mm and W = 30mm, respectively.

The width of the patch element (W) is given by

The effective length (L eff) is given =

2

+1 2

1/2

Where, W=width of patch, =resonant frequency Effective value of dielectric constant is given as

= effective length, =resonant frequency, = effective dielectric constant, =speed of light =

0.412 +0.3 ( +0.264) 0.258 ( +0.8)

( +1) = + 2 ( 1) (1 + 12 )1/2 2

= effective dielectric constant, =dielectric contant, h =height of patch, w=width of patch

=Length extension, h =height of patch, w =width of patch, =effective dielectric constant = 2 =effective length, =actual length

INSET FEED

COUPLED INDIRECT FEED

APERTURE FEED

COAXIAL CABLE OR PROBE FEED

In this paper we have used coupled (indirect) feed. In this case, the feeds do not directly touch the antenna. The main advantage of this type of feed is that it adds extra degree of freedom to the design. The gap between the antenna and the feed line introduces a capacitance into the feed that can cancel out the inductance added by the probe feed. A coupler is electrically coupled to a feed. This coupler capacitively couples to a resonating element and the resonating element is electrically coupled to a ground plane. The system allows for improved bandwidth and also allows for an antenna design where the resonant frequency, the bandwidth of the antenna and the associated impendence matching network can be separately adjusted.

PATCH

MICROST BUTTERF RIP LINE LY

ANNULAR RECTANGULAR SLOTS SLOTS

LENGTH

L=40mm

L1=16mm

L2=26.4mm

l1*w=8mm*1mm l2*w=10mm*1mm

l3*w=12mm*1mm
WIDTH

W=30mm

W1=1.5mm

W2=20mm r1=1mm r2=1.56mm

w=1mm

RADIUS

HEIGHT OF SUBSTRATE

h=1.575mm

The results shown were simulated using HFSS software. Figure below shows Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) plot vs. Frequency in GHz. VSWR is simply the ratio of peak amplitude of standing wave to the minimum amplitude of standing wave. VSWR below 2 is considered well for an antenna. For this design, VSWR is less than 2 at 3.60 GHz, 7.10 GHz and 9.90 GHz.
XY Plot 19
2.00 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.60
VSWR(1)

HFSSDesign1
Curve Info

ANSOFT

VSWR(1) Setup1 : Sw eep

1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 Freq [GHz] 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50

Graph representing VSWR vs. Frequency in GHz.

XY Plot 18
0.00 -2.00 -4.00 -6.00
dB(S(1,1))

HFSSDesign1
Curve Info

ANSOFT

dB(S(1,1)) Setup1 : Sw eep

-8.00

-10.00 -12.00 -14.00 -16.00 -18.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 Freq [GHz] 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50

Observation Table:
FREQUENCIES S-PARAMETER VSWR

3.60GHz 7.10GHz 9.90GHz

-18dB -13.70dB -13dB

1.29 1.53 1.58

This figure shows return loss vs. frequency plot. Return loss is the amount of power being reflected by the input port. For this antenna design, return loss is less than -10 dB and after simulation of this structure we got three distinct operating frequency bands centered at 3.60 GHz, 7.10GHz and 9.90 GHz. The simulation results show that an acceptable impedance bandwidth of 60MHz (16%)at 3.60 GHz, 130MHz (1.8%) at 7.10GHz,and 60MHz (0.6%) at 9.90GHz respectively.

XY Plot 20
70.00

HFSSDesign1
Curve Info

ANSOFT

XY Plot 21
1250.00 1000.00 750.00

HFSSDesign1
Curve Info

ANSOFT

dB20(Z(1,1)) Setup1 : Sweep

im(Z(1,1)) Setup1 : Sw eep

60.00

50.00
500.00
dB20(Z(1,1))

im(Z(1,1))

40.00

250.00 0.00 -250.00

30.00

20.00
-500.00

10.00

-750.00 -1000.00

0.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 Freq [GHz] 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50 Freq [GHz]

7.00

7.50

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.00

10.50

GRAPH OF REAL PART (Z-Parameter vs. Frequency)

GRAPH OF IMAGINARY PART (ZParameter vs. Frequency)

Our designed antenna is operating on frequency bands centered at 3.60 GHz, 7.10 GHz and 9.90 GHz and is widely used in Wireless & Satellite Communication systems because they are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture, mechanically robust, compatible with MMIC designs, and when the particular patch shape and mode are selected, they are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, radiation pattern, and impedance. The antennas can be used for the GPS network and are designed to be embedded inside a device or application. Finding the ideal antenna configuration to ensure a systems wireless reception can be a challenge.

The designed antenna has many applications, and can be used to cover GSM, GPS, Wi-Fi, WiMax, video wireless communication, and Bluetooth applications. The concept of inserting slot has proven to give remarkable functionality to an antenna. It causes it to radiate significantly at different ranges of frequencies.

A small multi-band compact antenna with variable slots on the top patch using microstrip feeding line is presented for 3.8 GHz application. This antenna has a very simple structure printed on a very cheap RT duroid substrate for commercial purposes. Multiband has been achieved by using variable slots on the top patch. The total dimension of the ground plane is 30 X 40 mm. The antenna characteristics and radiation pattern are satisfactory for most of the wireless system. The theory with general formulation for transient signal analysis of antenna is described and used to examine the numerical results.

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