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El mapa de expansiones
Geografia
Per es mas conocido como la tierra de los Incas. Tiene una rea de 1,285,216 Km. cuadrados, y esta situado en la costa del Pacifico, en la parte norte central de Sud America. Per es el tercer pas mas grande de Sud America, detrs solo de Brasil y Argentina. Per es considerado un pas tropical. Per tiene tres regiones bien marcadas, una delgada zona costera, las montaas de los Andes de mayor anchura, y la zona forestal del Amazonas. La faja costera es mayormente formada de desiertos pero aqu se ubican los ciudades principales. Los ros corren desde el este hacia el oeste, deslizndose hacia abajo con taludes bien inclinados lo que hace que los ros sean torrentosos. En estas valles se encuentran los mayores centros de agricultura.
Historia
La famosa civilizacin Inca solo es una parte de toda la Arqueologa Peruana. Antes de los Incas, Per tuvo las culturas PRE-Colombinas , algunas de estas precediendo a los Incas por muchos siglos.
Este imperio es uno de lo mas conocido en el mundo. En su apogeo, el imperio tenia 2500 Km. cuadrados cubriendo los pases que hoy se llaman: Colombia, Ecuador, Per, Bolivia, Chile, e Argentina.
El Imperio Incaico
A pesar de toda su grandeza el Imperio Incaico existi ms de un siglo. Con anterioridad al ao 1430 los Incas gobernaron solo el Valle del Cuzco. Ellos haban entablado una guerra con los Chancas y finalmente los derrotaron en una gran victoria en 1430. Esto marc el comienzo de una gran expansin militar.
El Imperio Incaico conquist e incorpor la mayora de las culturas en el rea que se extenda desde el sur de Colombia hasta el centro de Chile. Los Incas impusieron su modo de vida sobre las gentes que conquistaron. Para el tiempo que los Espaoles arribaron la mayora del rea de los Andes haba sido totalmente controlado bajo las leyes de los Incas.
Quipu
Their own legends state that ten related clans emerged from caves in the region and were taken to Cuzco by a mythical leader. Wherever their origins, by about A.D. 1350 they resided in and around Cuzco and by 1438 they had defeated their hostile neighbors in the area. At this point under their ruler, or Inca, Pachacuti (1438-1471), they launched a series of military alliances and campaigns that brought them control of the whole area from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.
Cuzco
The next ruler, Huayna Capac (1493-1527) consolidated these conquests and suppressed a number of rebellions on the frontiers. By the time of his death, the Inca Empire - or as they called it, Twantinsuyu - stretched from what is now Colombia to Chile and eastward across Lake Titicaca and Bolivia to northern Argentina.
Between nine and 13 million people of different ethnic backgrounds and languages came under Inca rule, a remarkable number given the extent of the empire and the technology available for transportation and communication.
Machu Picchu
La religin
Los incas tambin crean en muchos dioses (eran politestas). -Viracocha el dios creador -Inti el dios sol -Mama Kilya la diosa de la luna -Ilyapa el dios del buen tiempo (weather)
Religion
Inca political and social life was infused with religious meaning. Like the Aztecs, the Incas held the sun to be the highest deity and considered the Inca to be the sun's representative on earth. The magnificent Temple of the Sun in Cuzco was the center of the state religion, and in its confines the mummies of the past Incas resided. The cult of the sun was spread throughout the empire, but the Inca did not prohibit the worship of local gods. Other deities were also worshiped as part of the state religion. Viracocha, a creator god, was a favorite of Inca Pachacuti and remained important. Popular belief was based on the idea that many natural phenomena were connected to spiritual power. Mountains, stones, rivers, caves, or tombs and temples were considered to be holy shrines. At these places, prayers were offered and sacrifices of animals, goods, and humans were made. The temples were served by many priests and women dedicated to the preparation of cloth and food for sacrifice. The temple priests were mainly responsible for the great festivals and celebrations upon which state actions often depended.
La sociedad incaica
emperador Los incas crean que La familia real sus emperadores la familia real eran hijos del primer aristcratas dios Viracocha, por administradoresnobles eso el rey o otros nobles emperador tena la autoridad mxima en artesanos el imperio. Trabajadores Campesinos guerreros
Social classes
The Inca nobility was greatly privileged and those related to the Inca himself held the highest positions. The nobility were all drawn from the ten royal ayllus. In addition, the residents of Cuzco were given noble status to enable them to serve in high bureaucratic posts. The nobles were distinguished by dress and custom. Only they were entitled to wear the large ear spools that enlarged the ears and caused the Spaniards to later call them orejones, or "big ears." Noticeably absent in most of the Inca Empire was a distinct merchant class. Unlike Mesoamerica where long-distance trade was so important, Inca emphasis on self- sufficiency and state regulation of production and surplus limited trade. Only in the northern areas of the empire, in the chiefdoms of Ecuador, the last region brought under Inca control, did a specialized class of traders exist.
La comida
Tres cosas esenciales: -maz (sara) -papas o patatas (chuno) -quinoa (chisaya mama [mother grain]) para cereales, harina, sopas Cuando los incas empezaron a comerciar con otros tribus coman calabazas, pias y papayas. Saban como hacer la comida seca.
Las fotos
Language
The Incas intentionally spread the Quechua language as a means of integrating the empire. The Incas made extensive use of colonists. Sometimes Quechua-speakers from Cuzco might be settled in a newly won area to provide an example and a garrison. On other occasions, a resistive conquered population was moved to a new home. Throughout the empire, a complex system of roads was constructed with bridges and causeways when needed. Along these roads, way stations, were placed about a day's walk apart to serve as inns, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. Tambos also served as relay points for the system of runners who carried messages throughout the empire. The Inca probably maintained over 10,000 tambos.
Machupichu
The Inca Empire incorporated many aspects of previous Andean cultures but fused them together in new ways - and with a genius for state organization and bureaucratic control over peoples of different cultures and languages, it achieved a level of integration and domination previously unknown in the Americas.
Los Impuestos
With few exceptions the Incas, unlike the Aztecs, did not demand tribute, but rather required labor on the lands assigned to the state and the religion. Communities were expected to take turns working on state and church lands and sometimes on building projects or in mining. These labor turns were an essential aspect of Inca control. In addition, the Inca required women to weave high-quality cloth for the court and for religious purposes. The Incas provided the wool, but each household was required to produce cloth. Woven cloth, a great Andean art form, had political and religious significance. Some women were taken as concubines for the Inca and others were selected as servants at the temples, the so-called "Virgins of the Sun." In all this, the Inca had an overall imperial system, but remained sensitive to local variations so that its application accommodated regional and ethnic differences.
Both empires were based on intensive agriculture organized by a state that accumulated surplus production and then controlled the circulation of goods and their redistribution to groups or social classes. In both states older semi kinship-based institutions, the ayllu and the calpulli, were being transformed by the emergence of a social hierarchy in which the nobility was increasingly predominant. In both areas this nobility was also the personnel of the state, so that the state organization was almost an image of society.
La Conquista Espaola
En Noviembre de 1526, Francisco Pizarro encabez desde el sur de Panam una expedicin. Pizarro se enter de la riqueza del Imperio Incaico y retorn a Espaa para recaudar dinero y reclutar gente para la conquista. En 1530 acoder en la zona costera del Ecuador y comenz su marcha hacia tierra adentro. En 1532 Pizarro fund el primer pueblo espaol en territorio Peruano el que llam San Miguel de Piura. En Noviembre de 1532 el alcanz la ciudad de Cajamarca, donde el Inca Atahualpa estaba residiendo. Pizarro y sus hombres capturaron Atahualpa aprovechando de la ventaja de las corazas que sus hombres vestan y sobre todo de los caballos que eran desconocidos en Amrica, lo que ponan a los Espaoles en ventaja respecto a altura y proteccin. Despus que los hombres de Pizarro capturaron a Atahualpa, Pizarro encarcel a Atahualpa y pidi un rescate en piezas de oro suficiente para llenar el cuarto donde encerraron a Atahualpa hasta la marca que el Inca alcanzara con su brazo extendido. Con la excusa que la gente de Atahualpa estaba demorando, Pizarro orden la ejecucin de Atahualpa con la pena del garrote. Los Espaoles lo condenaron a muerte por hereja.
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