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TITRE PRESENTATION
Ronnie Belmans
Stijn Cole Dirk Van Hertem
2
OVERVIEW
Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson
1: Liberalization 2: Players, Functions and Tasks 3: Markets 4: Present generation park 5: Future generation park 6: Introduction to power systems 7: Power system analysis and control 8: Power system dynamics and security 9: Future grid technologies: FACTS and HVDC 10: Distributed generation
3
PRESENTATION TITLE
Power systems
Transmission system Higher voltage (typical at least 110 kV and higher) Power injection by generation and import, large
consumers Interconnected internationally Meshed nature-Redundancy (Subtransmission system) Between transmission system and distribution system Connection of large industrial users and cities Open loop/partly meshed Distribution system 400 V to some ten of kV Industry, commercial and residential areas Radial
UCTE
P or S = U * I
Direct Current DC
Generator built by W. von Siemens and Z.Gramme
Low line voltage, and consequently limitation to size of the system
Alternating current AC
Introduced by Nikola Tesla and Westinghouse
Transformer invented by Tesla allows increasing the line voltage Allows transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances
TRANSFORMER
3 phase system Line voltages can be easily and economically transformed up and down AC current does not use the whole conductor
Skin effect
AC conductors have larger diameters than adequate DC
SWITCHYARD
DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Only active power Current flows in one direction Conductor cross-sections fully used Low transmission losses Requires DC-AC converters to control the voltage level Expensive Switching of higher voltage DC more difficult
AC VS DC
Advantages of AC
Advantages of DC
Cheaper transformation between voltages Easy to switch off Less equipment needed Known and reliable technology More economical in general Rotating field
Underground cables
More expensive than lines
5 to 25 times higher capital costs for 380kV
OVERHEAD LINE
AC underground
Conventional cables GILs HTS
Advantages
Widely used in transmission over large distances Most economical (especially in rural areas) Well-known technology
Environmental aspects
Visual impact Vegetation Population Town planning Cultural heritage Natural site and landscape
Regulatory
Permit process up to 15 years
Best from technoeconomic point of view Worst from environmental, social & political point of view Very difficult to construct new lines in industrialized countries
alternatives needed!
Heavier conductors
Tower and foundation modifications may be needed very high cost
Economics
Significantly higher cost No tower modifications needed Outdated standards state maximum conductor temperature independent of conductor type New technology limited experience e.g.: no data on expected lifetime available Higher operating temp losses increase
Regulatory
Other drawbacks
AC CABLES
Economical
5 to 25 times higher capital costs (/MVA) Although cost differences have narrowed Repair costs are significant
AC CABLES
AC cables vs. overhead lines
Environmental
Invisibility Dangers: oil spill, poisonous SF6 arcing by-products
AC CABLES
Classic
Paper insulated, oil-filled XLPE
New types
Higher voltages Lower losses More expensive
Higher voltages due to better insulation Suited to bulk transmission C lower suitable for long distances Complex placement (many joints) Arcing by-products hazardous for environment Considered for future tunnel connections (e.g. in the Alps)
Temperature protection
Operating very close to limits Belgium: Tihange - Avernas
AC CABLES VS DC CABLES
Source: ABB
CABLES
ARP
Production Import/ Export
~
Grids
~
ARP1 ARPN
~
I/E
I/E
Consumer
FREQUENCY CONTROL
Contingency analysis
N-1 security rule
One accident cannot bring the system in danger Redundancy
23 countries, 33 TSOs, 620 GW installed capacity, 295 TWh exchanges Full synchronous operation of its members in 1958 absorbed many smaller initiatives along the way 450 mln. people, annual electricity consumption 2500 TWh.
CENTREL, SUDEL, COMELEC
Nordel
UK
UKTSOA ATSOI
F,SWE,NO,DK (part)
UPS/IPS
SYNCHRONOUS AREAS (1) WHY CREATE SYNCHRONOUS AREAS ? Increase grid reliability and mutual support
Improved system frequency control to minimize major disturbances Mutual support in case of emergencies Sharing reserve capacities
Source: IAEW
Stronger interconnections require common and consistent understanding of grid operation and control and security in terms of fixed technical standards and procedures
Result of discussion between all TSOs involved Successor of past technical and organizational rules and recommendations Unification and formalization of standards To make the best possible use of benefits of interconnected operation To keep the quality standards in the market environment
Operation handbook: http://www.ucte.org/publications/ophandbook/
However
Unstable production strongly influences the pattern
Wind generation
Unexpected flows not just ONE TIME event More like a permanent thing
WIND POWER IS A PROBLEM Large wind parks problematic for the network
Unstable dispatch within a zone
Will there be wind? Not too much?
Benelux case
Positive correlation between loop flows and wind in Germany
Up to 0.4
5
3
PHASE SHIFTER INVESTMENTS IN THE BENELUX IN ORDER ALLOW POWER FLOW CONTROL 1. Meeden (Nl) 1 2. Gronau (D) 3. Kinrooi (B) 4. Kinrooi (B) 2 5. Zandvliet (B) 6. Monceau (B)
Unannounced wind power in the north Germany Actual event - Monday 27 Oct. 2003, 18h00 20h00 Very heavily loaded D-NL border 4550 MW total physical flows in the direction of NL
2380 MW more than scheduled
Loss of N-1 security on 2 cross-border lines Loss of N-1 security on phase shifting transformer
- 3068SCHEDULED
POWER EXCHANGES
CENTREL D
RWE
SEPS MVM H
798
NL
TENNET
2169 2150
- 2967
PSE
PSE PL CEPS CZ
South GB
1815
North
+3903
RTE 752
SK
+3126
- 504 - 426
4669 118
+3846
1525
DC link
A
120
APG
575
E
REE
646
CH
+2614 ETRANS +2560
+677
3022
I P
REN
1704
- 5380
TERNA
481
ELES SLO
ELES
BiH
- 452
HEP HR
401
NL
TENNET
2169 4553
CENTREL D
RWE
- 2967
1815
505
North South GB
2150 1421
PSE
PSE PL CEPS CZ
SEPS SK
MVM H
+3903
RTE 752
+3126
- 504 - 426
+3846
1189
1525
DC link
A
120
APG
575
E
REE
646 846
CH
+2614 ETRANS +2560
+677
28 401 481
ELES SLO
3022
I P
REN
2875
1704 1267
- 5380
TERNA
ELES
BiH
- 452
HEP HR
2283
NL
CENTREL
CEPS
North South
2320
TENNET
D
RWE
SEPS SK
MVM H
F
RTE
4327
1307
PSE
A
APG
CH E
REE
1492
ETRANS
92 147
I P
REN
ELES SLO
437
ELES
BiH
TERNA
HEP HR
SHARE OF DAILY WIND POWER IN RESPECTIVE DAILY PEAK DEMAND IN E.ON-GRID (GERMANY).
CONCLUSIONS
Grid operation becomes more complex Due to the market based flows Caused by wind energy Controlling frequency and voltage by active and reactive power