HSDPA Mobility

HSDPA/HSUPA In WCDMA Networks Mobility Issues
Dr. Tayeb SADIKI 01-Avril-2009
Contents
Introduction to HSDPA/HSUPA
Motivation Position in UMTS system DCH and DSCH HS-DSCH New features Performance
(1/2)
MAC-HS
Radio Access Network Architecture MAC Layer Architecture (Release 6: HSDPA + HSUPA) MAC-hs and MAC-e/es
8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT
Contents
Mobility in HSDPA
Mobility in general Mobility in HSDPA
(2/2)
Mobility Studies (papers)

HSDPA Handover Strategies HSDPA Uplink Coverage Considerations HSDPA Downlink Capasity Considerations Antenna Diversity Simulations in HSDPA Multi-user Diversity Simulations in HSDPA HSUPA simulations (shortly)
Introduction to HSDPA/HSUPA
Motivation
Sophisticated UE applications need higher bit rates Primary target of HSDPA/HSUPA is to enhance system throughput with minimum changes in network architecture Is an extension to WCDMA Release (99)
Release 4 (99)
DCH + DSCH (current situation)
Release 5
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
Release 6
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
Position in UMTS system

Current WCDMA network can be upgraded to support HSDPA Does not change network architecture dramatically
There can be HSDPA supported cells and regular cells

If HSDPA is not accessible at UE location it will use normal DCH to communicate at regular service speeds HSDPA/HSUPA is more suitable to indoor environment
Release 4: DCH and DSCH

Packet data transfer possibilities for downlink according to Release 4:
DCH (Dedicated Channel) DSCH (Downlink-Shared Channel) FACH (Forward Access Channel)
DCH has fixed spreading factor (SF) DSCH has variable SF DSCH may be fast power controlled as DCH is DSCH does not support soft handovers DSCH has been designed to operate always together with a DCH
Data with tight delay budget (e.g. speech) DCH Packet data DSCH
HS-DSCH
The Release 5 with HSDPA concept includes a new channel High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) Two fundamental features of WCDMA are disabled:
Variable SF Fast Power Control
These two features are replaced by

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Extensive multicoding operation Fast retransmission strategy
New features
Shared channel transmission
HS-DSCH (high speed downlink shared channel) Supports up to 15 codes parallel Fixed spreading factor (16) Works in parallel to DCH
(1/2)
Higher-order modulation
QPSK 16-QAM
Short transmission time interval (TTI)

Dynamic channel code allocation interval of 2 ms
New features
Fast link adaptation
Adjusts transmission parameters not TX power! Users near Node B: QPSK 16QAM (for example)
(2/2)
Fast scheduling
Allocates the use of shared channel to UEs with best radio conditions at certain time moment (Multi User Diversity) Scheduling is done at Node-B instead of RNC
Fast hybrid automatic-repeatrequest (H-ARQ)

Request and retransmit missing data (UE Node-B) Combine information from original transmission (Soft Combining) Signalling with ACKs and NACKs
10
Performance
The primary benefit of HSDPA is improved end-user experience (higher bit rates, reduced roundtrip times) The benefit of HSDPA to operators is improved system capacity H-ARQ and TTI will make small object TCP traffic faster (reduced roundtrip times)
Link adaptation maximizes channel usage and enables the base station to operate close to maximum cell power
11
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer
Radio Access Network Architecture

All Release 4 transport channels are terminated at the RNC
Retransmission procedure is located in serving RNC
(1/2)
In Release 5 an additional HSDPA MAC layer (MAC-HS) is installed in the Node B

Retransmissions will happen closer to air interface - in the Node Bs Faster retransmissions Shorter delays with packet data operation
Flow control mechanism is needed in Iub interface between Node B and RNC to ensure correct Node B data buffering (to prevent data losses at Node B)
13
Radio Access Network Architecture

RNC handles RLC (Radio Link Control) functionalities
If e.g. HS-DSCH TX from Node B fails for some reason
(2/2)
14
MAC architecture (UE side)

Relates to older MAC (medium access control) architecture
MAC-d
Handles DCH traffic
New MAC entities are implemented according to latest Release 6 specification

MAC-hs (already in Release 5)
To handle HS-DSCH traffic (HSDPA)
MAC-e/es (in Release 6, not closed yet)

To handle E-DCH traffic (HSUPA)
MTCH MSCH MTCH MSCH MCCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH SHCCH
( TDD only )
MAC Control DCCH DTCH
DTCH
MAC-d
MAC-es / MAC-e
MAC-m
MAC-hs
MAC-c/sh/m
E-DCH Associated Downlink Signalling Associated Uplink Signalling
FACH
Associated Downlink Signalling
HS-DSCH PCH FACH CPCH ( FDD only ) FACH RACH Associated Uplink Signalling
USCH
USCH DSCH ( TDD only ) DSCH
DCH
DCH
( TDD only )
UE side MAC architecture

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT 15
MAC architecture (UTRAN side)

Quite similar to UE side except: One MAC-d for each UE All UEs in a cell will use one MAC-c/sh/m One MAC-e (in Node-B) and MAC-es (in SRNC) entity is configured for each UE that uses E-DCH (HSUPA) MAC-c/sh/m handles common channels and DSCH
MAC Control
MAC Control
MCCH MTCH BCCH CTCH CCCH SHCCH PCCH MSCH MAC Control TDD only
MAC ControlMAC ControlDCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC-es
MAC -d
Configuration without MAC c/sh Configuration with MAC c/sh
MAC -e
MAC -hs
Configuration with MAC -c/sh
MAC-c/sh/m
E-DCH Associated Downlink Signalling Associated Uplink Signalling
HS- DSCH HS- DSCH Associated Downlink Signalling
PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH USCH USCH DSCH DSCH Iur or local Iub FDD only TDD only TDD only Associated Uplink Signalling
DCH
DCH
UTRAN side MAC architecture

MAC-hs (UTRAN side)

One MAC-hs entity in UTRAN for each cell that support HS-DSCH transmission Scheduling/priority handling Manages HS-DSCH resources between HARQ entities and data flows according to their priority Determines either to send a new transmission or a retransmission based on uplink signalling Determines QueueID and TSN for each new MAC-hs PDU HARQ One HARQ entity per user Multiple instances of stop and wait HARQ protocols supported for each HARQ entity TFRC selection Selection of appropriate transport format and resource for the data
MAC-d flows MAC-hs Scheduling/Priority handling
Priority Queue distribution Priority Queue distribution
From network
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
MAC Control
HARQ entity
TFRC selection
Associated Uplink Signalling
HS-DSCH
To UE
17
MAC-hs (UE side)

HARQ Handles all the tasks that are To MAC-d required for hybrid ARQ MAC-hs Generates ACKs or NACKs Configurations of the H-ARQ protocol is provided by RRC over the MAC-Control SAP Re-ordering queue distribution Reorders incoming MAC-hs PDUs to ordering buffer based on queue ID Reordering Reorders received PDUs according to received transmission sequence number (TSN) Delivers complete objects to disassembly function PDUs are not delivered if PDUs with lower TSN are missing Disassembly Removes MAC-hs header and padding bits and passes the MAC-d PDU to higher layers
To UE
MAC Control Disassembly Reordering Disassembly Reordering
Re-ordering queue distribution
HARQ
From network
HS-DSCH Associated Uplink Signalling
UE side MAC-hs details
18
MAC-e (UTRAN side)

Handles HSUPA specific functions in Node B
To network
One MAC-e entity in Node B for each UE
MAC-d Flows
MAC-e
One E-DCH scheduler function in Node B

E-DCH Scheduling (FFS) E-DCH Control (FFS) De-multiplexing
MAC Control
HARQ entity generates ACKs and NACKs E-DCH Scheduling function manages cell resources between UEs De-multiplexer separates MAC-e PDUs to MAC-es PDUs and forwards them in the associated MAC-d flow (to SRNC)
Associated Uplink Signalling
HARQ entity
From UE
Associated Downlink Signalling E-DCH
19
MAC-es (UTRAN side)

MAC-es handles E-DCH specific functionalities One MAC-es entity in SRNC for each UE Reordering queue distribution routes PDUs to correct reordering buffers according to SRNC configuration Macro diversity selection Performed in MAC-es in case of SHO with multiple Node-Bs Reordering Queue Distribution entity receives all the MAC-d flows (DCHs) from all the NodeBs (in SHO), and one MAC-es entity per UE Exact implementation is not specified
To MAC-d
MAC-es
Disassembly
Disassembly
Disassembly
MAC Control
Reordering/ Combining
Reordering Queue Distribution
Reordering Queue Distribution
MAC-d flow #1
MAC-d flow #n
From Node-B
From MAC-e in NodeB #1
From MAC-e in NodeB #k
20
MAC-e/es (UE side)

Multiplexing Responsible for concatenating and multiplexing PDUs MAC-d MAC-es MAC-e Sets TSN for each PDU HARQ Handles MAC functions relating to HARQ protocol Stores MAC-e payloads and retransmits them when needed Provides E-TFC, retransmission sequence number (RSN) and power offset used by L1 Configurations of the H-ARQ protocol is provided by RRC over the MAC-Control SAP
From UE
To MAC-d MAC-es/e
E-TFC Selection Multiplexing and TSN setting MAC Control
HARQ
Associated Scheduling Downlink Signalling (E-AGCH / E-RGCH(s)) Associated ACK/NACK signaling (E-HICH)
To network
Associated Uplink Signalling E-TFC (E-DPCCH)
21
Mobility in HSDPA
Mobility in general
Mobility:
Due to user movement in network
UE speed UE travel distance
What is the best way to make a handover when UE changes between cells?
Hard handover is simple but maybe not so effective Soft handover is more complicated in network point of view but usually
saves capasity HSDPA does not support soft handovers
23
Mobility in HSDPA
(1/7)
No soft handovers in HS-DSCH HSDPA control channels are sent via only one of the radio links assigned to UE (from serving HS-DSCH cell) UTRAN determines the serving HS-DSCH cell for an HSDPA capable UE Synchronized change of serving HS-DSCH cell is supported between UTRAN and UE connectivity is achieved if UE moves from one cell to another Serving HS-DSCH cell change is triggered by UE measurement reports and determined by UTRAN UTRAN (RNC) dictates the time moment when serving cell is changed This gives full mobility and coverage to exploit the advantages for HSDPA over Release 4 channels Serving HS-DSCH cell can be changed:
Without changing users active set for Release 4 dedicated channels In combination with establishment, release or reconfiguration of Release 4 dedicated channels
A new UE measurement event is needed to provide these properties
24
Mobility in HSDPA
Measurement event for best serving HS-DSCH cell (1d) Reports the best serving HS-DSCH cell to the serving RNC
Based on P-CPICH Ec/Io or RSCP measurements
(2/7)
Decision can be made using:

Whole cell candidate set Can be restricted to use only the cells which are in users active set for dedicated channels
Hysteresis margin can be used to avoid fast change of serving HSDSCH cell Cell Individual Offset value (CIO) can be used to favour certain cells (to increase cells coverage area)
25
Mobility in HSDPA
Three handover types
Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH handover Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH handover HS-DSCH to DCH handover
(3/7)
26
Mobility in HSDPA
Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
(4/7)
Node-B and UE are informed about incoming handover by SRNC Time moment for the handover is specified by the SRNC All transmission from the source cell stops at that specified time and the packet scheduler in the target cell is then allowed to control transmission to UE MAC-hs preservation:
Buffered data (for H-ARQ protocol: data waiting acknowledgement or new PDUs) in source cell is moved to target cell inside the Node B no data loss! H-ARQ manager will continue without breaks or retransmissions No higher layer retransmissions (e.g. from RLC protocol)
If MAC-hs preservation is not supported same as inter-Node B handover case
27
Mobility in HSDPA
(5/7)
Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover Node Bs are potentially under different RNC Node-Bs, target cell RNC and UE are informed about incoming handover by current SRNC At the time of cell change (usually 300-500ms from the RNC decision []), the MAC-hs for the user in the source cell is reset (user data in buffers is deleted) At the same time the MAC-hs flow control unit in target cell starts to request PDUs from the new SRNC Higher layer retransmissions (RLC) are needed to recover the data that was destroyed in buffer reset If RLC is used in unacknowledged mode and if user application does not have retransmission mechanisms, some data is lost forever when a handover occurs!
28
Mobility in HSDPA
HS-DSCH to DCH Handover
(6/7)
Needed when user moves from HSDPA capable cell to a cell that does not support HSDPA Node Bs, target cell RNC and the user are informed about incoming handover event Buffers in Node B are reset as in previous case and similar retransmissions are required because of lost buffer data Transmission continues in DCH
29
Mobility in HSDPA
(7/7)
Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HSDSCH Packet retransmissions Packet losses buffer forwarding
Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HSDSCH No buffer forwarding SRNC RLC retransmissions No (if RLC acknowledged mode is used)
HS-DSCH to DCH
No buffer forwarding SRNC RLC retransmissions No (if RLC acknowledged mode is used)
No (if MAC-hs preservation is used)
30
References (1)
[1] [2] [3] Holma, Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS 3GPP TS 25.321 V.6.3.0, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification, Release 6 3GPP TS 25.308 V6.3.0, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Overall description, Release 6 Ericsson, WCDMA Evolved, The first step - WCDMA, White paper, 2004
[4]
31
Mobility Studies
Studied papers: [5] [6] [7] [8] Pedersen, Toskala, Mogensen, Mobility Management and Capasity Analysis for High Speed Downlink Packet Access in WCDMA, Pedersen, Lootsma, Stttrup, Frederiksen, Kolding, Mogensen, Network Performance of Mixed Traffic on High Speed Downlink Packet Access and Dedicated Channels in WCDMA Ramiro-Moreno, Pedersen, Mogensen, Network Performance of Transmit Diversity in HSDPA under Different Packet Scheduling Strategies
Bertinelli, Malkamki, HARQ FOR WCDMA ENHANCED UPLINK: LINK LEVEL PERFORMANCE IN SHO
HSDPA Handover Strategies

Two types of handover strategies are studied HS-DSCH to DCH if active set > 1
No HSDPA coverage in soft handover areas
Direct change from HS-DSCH to target cell HS-DSCH

Full HSDPA coverage HSDPA users will receive data on HS-DSCH independently of their position
33
HSDPA Uplink Coverage Considerations (1/3)

It makes sense to allow HSDPA users to receive data on HS-DSCH only if there is sufficiently good uplink coverage High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) carries Layer 1 ACKs/NACKs and the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) report This means that HS-DPCCH should be hearable at the Node B to correctly receive ACKs and NACKs
34

The Simulation Case:
UE in SHO and downloading data on HS-DSCH over TCP Parallel ongoing speech call (12.2kbps) on DCH DCH return channel is also used for TCP Acks and HSDPCCH
Link level simulations with user in 3-way SHO Repeated with:

Different power offsets between HS-DPCCH and DPCCH Different degrees of Ack/Nack repetitions for HS-DPCCH
35

Detection error probabilities listed in table can be fulfilled for a user in SHO when ACKs/NACKs are sent twice before decoding and still the max user TX power is not reached Hence, UL coverage is not a problem for users in SHO area
HS-DPCCH detection error probabilities
User in SHO Pr(Ack|Nack) Pr(Nack|Ack) 0.01% 1%
User in non-SHO 0.01% 1%
36
Downlink Capasity Considerations

HSDPA Bearer Gain: W
PDCH PHSDPA
(1/4)
PDCH: average required TX power to serve a user on DCH with given average bit rate PHSDPA : average required TX power to serve a user on HSDPA with same bit rate
PHSDPA includes TX power of both HS-DSCH and associated DPCH

DPCH is assumed to carry only 3.4kbps L3 signalling
Constant TX power is assigned to HS-DSCH and it is time shared between HSDPA users average TX power to serve a user depends from scheduling strategy Two cases are considered
Blind scheduling
User is scheduled independently of radio channel conditions (Round Robin schduler)
Intelligent scheduling
User is only scheduled in good fast fading conditions (Proportional Fair scheduler)
Scheduling frequency is higher for blind scheduling


G-factor is defined as: G
I oth I own
(2/4)
at the user (DL)
HSDPA bearer gain is slightly lower in SHO case (with average branch power ratio 0 dB) because the DCH benefits from additional diversity that SHO provides In branch power ratio of 3 dB case, the SHO gain on the DCH turns into a loss since the DCH is assumed to be transmitted with equal power from two cells even though there is an unbalance of 3 dB between SHO legs
PDCH PHSDPA
ACTIVE SET SIZE = ONE

USERS DCH IS IN 2-WAY SHO

38

HSDPA cell capasity gain over a cell with only DCH users:
Gain FT QPnonSHOWnonSHO PSHOWSHO
(3/4)
Q: a fraction of total Node B power allocated to HSDPA (Q = 0.75 here) P: probability of users in SHO or non-SHO situations (got from SHO statistics figure, 0.6, 0.4) W: HSDPA bearer gains (got from the figures shown before, 2.7, 2.6) If proportional fair (PF) scheduler is used, the cell capasity gain is:
Gain PF C Gain FT
C: additional gain from given higher bit rates to users near the Node B (C = 1.3 here)
39

Results
(4/4)
Case 1: direct change of best serving HS-DSCH cell (all users using HSDSCH)
GainPF = 2.59
Case 2: users in SHO area uses DCH instead of HS-DSCH

Corresponds to WSHO = 1 GainPF = 1.96
Case 2 results indicate decreased HSDPA cell capasity gain if mobility for HSDPA users is supported via channel switching to DCH as users move to SHO area According to these simulations the best solution is to use direct change of the serving HS-DSCH cell during handover If switching to DCH is needed for some reason, one should minimize the SHO areas by using small SHO window to keep the HSDPA capasity gain at high levels
40
Antenna Diversity Simulations in HSDPA (1/2)

PF scheduler is used Pedestrian-A is used STTD: space-time transmit diversity CLTD: closed loop mode-1 transmit diversity 2Rake: dual Rake receivers at UE 1Tx-1Rx: single antenna transmission and reception Idea: CQI reports are subject to signalling delays so the system performance is sensitive to the UE speed
41
Antenna Diversity Simulations in HSDPA (2/2)

Result: Cell capasity decreases when UE speed is increased Capasity degradation is slower if antenna diversity techniques are used System becomes more robust to signalling delays STTD provides throughput gain for UE speeds more than 6 kmph Note that the throughput degradation is dominated by the CQI signalling delay, since the feedback delay for CLTD is smaller
42
Multi-user Diversity Gain

Multi-user diversity gain of PF scheduler over RR scheduler for HSDPA with 7W and 5 HS-PDSCH codes 6 HSDPA users Conclusion:
Multi-user diversity gain is marginal with UE speeds greater than 15 kmph This is due to the fact that MAC-hs can no longer accurately track Ec/No variations for the users This is due to the delay from the time where the user terminal estimates the CQI until the time where the HSDSCH is transmitted However, HSDPA still provides a gain over DCH because of the L1 HARQ mechanism
43
HSUPA simulations
Simulation parameters: Channel model :
Pedestrian A (3km/h) Vehicular A (30km/h)
Data rates 32/144/384kbps Outband info. bits 14 or 3

Macro Diversity Combining (MDC) at RNC is compared to case without MDC
44
HSUPA simulations
In Veh A case, the MDC gain is more limited than in Pedestrian A case, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5dB. This fact can be explained considering that VehA model includes much more diversity than PedA. The gain due to macro diversity (exploited at the RNC), still present, is therefore more limited than in the Ped A case.
45
HSUPA simulations
It is clear from figure on the left that the best choice, in the example considered, is using 144kbps, with a resulting lower received SNR (and then increased capacity for the system). Conclusion
The use of HARQ cannot quarantee high margin of gain over pure ARQ for low data rate services: its use is much more convenient for higher data rates (e.g. 144/384kbps or even higher).
46
References (2)
[5] [6] [7] [8] Pedersen, Toskala, Mogensen, Mobility Management and Capasity Analysis for High Speed Downlink Packet Access in WCDMA, Pedersen, Lootsma, Stttrup, Frederiksen, Kolding, Mogensen, Network Performance of Mixed Traffic on High Speed Downlink Packet Access and Dedicated Channels in WCDMA Ramiro-Moreno, Pedersen, Mogensen, Network Performance of Transmit Diversity in HSDPA under Different Packet Scheduling Strategies
Bertinelli, Malkamki, HARQ FOR WCDMA ENHANCED UPLINK: LINK LEVEL PERFORMANCE IN SHO
47

HSDPA Mobility

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HSDPA/HSUPA In WCDMA Networks Mobility Issues

Dr. Tayeb SADIKI 01-Avril-2009

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Mobility Studies (papers)

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Position in UMTS system

There can be HSDPA supported cells and regular cells

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Release 4: DCH and DSCH

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

These two features are replaced by

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Short transmission time interval (TTI)

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Fast hybrid automatic-repeatrequest (H-ARQ)

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Medium Access Control (MAC) layer

Radio Access Network Architecture

In Release 5 an additional HSDPA MAC layer (MAC-HS) is installed in the Node B

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Radio Access Network Architecture

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

MAC architecture (UE side)

New MAC entities are implemented according to latest Release 6 specification

MAC-e/es (in Release 6, not closed yet)

MAC Control DCCH DTCH

E-DCH Associated Downlink Signalling Associated Uplink Signalling

Associated Downlink Signalling

USCH DSCH ( TDD only ) DSCH

UE side MAC architecture

MAC architecture (UTRAN side)

MAC ControlMAC ControlDCCH DTCH DTCH

Configuration with MAC -c/sh

E-DCH Associated Downlink Signalling Associated Uplink Signalling

HS- DSCH HS- DSCH Associated Downlink Signalling

UTRAN side MAC architecture

MAC-hs (UTRAN side)

Associated Uplink Signalling

Associated Downlink Signalling

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

MAC-hs (UE side)

Re-ordering queue distribution

Associated Downlink Signalling

UE side MAC-hs details

MAC-e (UTRAN side)

One MAC-e entity in Node B for each UE

One E-DCH scheduler function in Node B

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

MAC-es (UTRAN side)

Reordering Queue Distribution

Reordering Queue Distribution

From MAC-e in NodeB #1

From MAC-e in NodeB #k

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

MAC-e/es (UE side)

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

saves capasity HSDPA does not support soft handovers

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

A new UE measurement event is needed to provide these properties

8301253 Advanced Topics in Radio Network Planning, TUT

Decision can be made using: