GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT

Prof. Angelica Cruz Hernande, RN

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Course Description

The course encompasses growth and

development from fertilization to
senescence with emphasis on various
developmental tasks in every lifespan
cycle
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

 General Objectives

At the end of the course, the students are

expected to have a clear understanding
pf the significance of developmental
tasks in every part of the lifespan cycle.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Specific Objectives
Students are expected to:
1. List down the different theories of various
G&D theorists: Sigmund Freud, Erick
Erickson, Harry Stack Sullivan
2. Enumerate the importance of the “life span
cycle” : from fertilization ( birth, childhood,
adolescence, adulthood, elderly) to end of
life.
3. Have an understanding of the effects of the
environment to G&D
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Evaluation
Prelim Examination 20%
Midterm Examination 20%
Final Examination 30%

Quizzes 10%
Reports 10%
Attitude/Attendance 10%
100%
 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Definition:
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Stages of Fetal Growth

 The Zygote

 The Embryonic Stage

 The Fetal Stage

 The Zygote

 Sperm penetrates an ovum -> zygote

 Fertilization : Fallopian Tube (FT)
 Sex cells are haploid : 23 chromosomes each
-> diploid cell containing 46 chromosomes
 Contains genetic information : DNA
Genotype
Phenotype – physical characteristics
 Continuously divides as it travels the FT
A SINGLE SPERM ENETRATES AN OVA
 The Zygote : Pre-implantation Embryo

 Cell division continues -> Blastocyst

 Blastocyst :
reaches the Uterus on day 5
endometrial implantation occurs approximately between days 6-10
composed of 2 cell layers
inner cell layer -> fetus an amniotic fluid
outer cell layer -> trophoblast and placenta
 The Embryonic Stage

 Lasts from 2 weeks to 2 months

 Embryo is approximately 1 – 1.5 inches long
 Period of massive cell differentiation and synthesis
 Initially, cell doubles in 24 hrs
 Three cell layers form
Ectoderm : outer layer – CNS, hair, skin
Mesoderm : middle layer – muscles, organs,
bones, excretory system
Endoderm : inner layer – glands, endothelial
portion of the GIT, RT, excretory sys
The HUMAN EMBRYO AT 31 DAYS
 EMBRYONIC and
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
 Fetal stage :
12 weeks – 38 and up to 42 weeks

Up to Month 1 ++
 Heart beats
 Neural tube (-> brain and spinal cord) forms
 6 weeks : RBC begin to form
 Arm and leg buds appear
 Up to Month 1 ++

 Brain develops into 5 areas

 Some cranial nerves become visible
 Eyes and ear structures begin to form
 Formation of tissue that develops into
the vertebra and some other bones
 Heart beats regularly
 Movement of rudimentary blood through
main vessels
The EMBRYO AT 5 – 6 WEEKS
 Up to Month 2 ++
 7 wks : 1st ultrasound
to confirm pregnancy
to exclude molar or ectopic pregnancies
to confirm cardiac pulsations
to measure crown to rump length for dating
 Fetus’ hand quite big; upper limb resemble paddles
 Heart begins to separate into 4 chambers
 Blood is circulating throughout the body
 Intestines form within the umbilical cord,
later migrates to abdominal cavity
 Up to Month 2 ++
 Footplates appear with the beginning of toe
rays
 External ears now present
 Fetus is 10 – 13 mm long : cherry size
 Cells that will become testes or ovaries arrive
but there is no obvious gender
 Muscle contractions begin
 Early movement not yet perceptible
 Eyelids more developed
 External features of ear take their final form
 Facial features continue to develop
 Intestines rotate
 The Fetus at 2 Months ++
The fetus at 8 weeks
 Up to Months 3 and 4 ++
12 – 16 weeks ++
 Fetus length : 60 – 65mm ; 2 – 2.5 inches
weight : 14 gms
 Able to swallow and absorb discharge fluids
 Hands complete
 Fingernails growing
 Tooth buds appear
 Face with distinct human appearance
 Amniotic sac contains 50cm3 : 1.5 oz
 Placenta produces progesterone
The FETUS AT ABOUT 4 MONTHS
 Up to Month 3 ++
12 weeks ++
 Eyelids close; will not reopen until the 28th wk
 Face is well formed
 Limbs long and thin genitalsappear and are
well differentiated
 RBCs produced in the liver
 Head makes up almost half of fetus; size
 Can make a fist
 Tooth buds appear for teeth
 Up to Month 4 ++
16 weeks ++
 Fetal length 12cm crown to rump
 Fetal weight 3 oz
 Fetal head held high
 Limb movements in coordinated manner
 Eyes are closer together; face forward;
 Start to blink
 Tiny toenails form
 Ultrasound : sucking reflex; thumb sucks
 Gender now recognizable
 CNS GIT complete
The FETUS AT ABOUT 16 WEEKS
 Up to Month 4 ++
12 Weeks ++
 Fingers toes well defined
 Eyelids close; will not reopen till 28 weeks
 Face well formed
 Limbs long & thin
 Genitals well differentiated
 RBC produced in liver
 Head makes up nearly half of fetal size
 Makes fist w/ fingers
 Tooth buds appear
 At 4 months organ formation almost complete
 Up to Month 4 ++
12 Weeks ++

 Early Ultrasound:
gestational sac seen at 4.5 weeks
5.5 weeks fetus can be observed and measured
confirms site of pregnancy
 Color flow mapping
clearly depicts blood f in fetal blood vessels in a real
time scan
flow direction determined by different colors
 Color doppler
Indispensable in the diagnosis of congenital heart
abnormalities
 Additionals for Months 3 - 4
 Peripheral reflexes
 Placenta fully formed
 Fetal movement
 Eyes, ears, nose, mouth approach typical
appearance
 Nerve myelinization commences; (complete at
1 year)
 Fetal length : 6 – 7 inches C to R
 Fetal weight : 5 oz
 Up to Month 5 ++
 Fetus ingests and absorbs large quantities of amniotic
fluid
 Kidneys excrete urine
 Sleeps/wakes at regular intervals
 Eyelids still fused
 Lanugo hair covers entire body
 Eyebrows and lashes appear
 Fetus more active w/ increased muscle development
 Mother can feel fetus move
 Fetal hearbeat audible by stethoscope
 Vernix caseosa protect fetus’ skin
 Up to Month 5 ++

 Female :
ovaries contain 6M eggs
uterus now well formed
 Fetal length : 8-12 inches C to R
 Fetal weight : .5 to 1lb
ULTRASOUND at 20 WEEKS
 Up to Month 6 ++
 Fetus viable’ can survive NICU
 Has fingerprints/footprints
 REM has begun
 Eyebrows, eyelashes well formed
 All eye parts developed
 Has hand and startle reflex
 Air sacs in lungs
 Fetal length : 21 cm C to R
 Fetal weight : 1lb 6 oz
A FETUS AT 24 WEEKS
 Up to Month 7 ++
 Sucks thumb
 Responds to light and sound
 Eyelids formerly shut begin to open along with new set
of eyelashes
 Fetus appears a lot like how it’ll look at birth
 Skin wrinkled due to amniotic fluid immersion
 Rapid brain development
 Nervous system developed enough to control some
body functions
 Respiratory system developed as to allow gas
exchange
 Weight gain : .5 to 1 oz/day
Fetus 26 – 28 weeks
 Up to Month 8 ++
 Growth continues
 Store nutrients
 Head movement : side to side
 Rapid increase in body fat
 Rhythmic breathing movement;
 Lungs not fully mature
 Bones fully developed but soft and pliable
 Body starts to store iron, calcium and phosphorus
 Fetal length : 38cm C to R
 Fetal weight : 3lbs 12 oz
Fetus at 32 weeks
 Up to Month 9 ++

 Lungs developed
 Feels pain and hunger
 Lanugo begins to disappear
 Body fat increases
 Fingernails reach the fingertips
 Fetal length :
 Fetal weight : gains .5lb/week
At 36 weeks