Introduction Features Techniques Rendering Equation Conclusion

Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of a

software program.

The results of such a model can be called a rendering. The model is a description of three dimensional objects in a strictly defined language or data structure. It would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture and lighting information. The image is a digital image or raster graphics image.

A rendered image can be understood in terms of a number of visible features. shading how the color and brightness of a surface varies with lighting

texture-mapping a method of applying detail to surfaces

fogging/participating medium how light dims when passing through non-clear atmosphere or air

shadows the effect of obstructing light soft shadows varying darkness caused by partially obscured light sources reflection mirror-like or highly glossy reflection transparency sharp transmission of light through solid objects translucency highly scattered transmission of light through solid objects refraction bending of light associated with transparency

indirect illumination surfaces illuminated by light reflected off other surfaces, rather than directly from a light source (also known as global illumination)

caustics (a form of indirect illumination) reflection of light off a shiny object,

or focusing of light through a transparent object, to produce bright highlights on another object

depth of field objects appear blurry or out of focus when too far in front of or behind the object in focus

motion blur objects appear blurry due to high-speed motion, or the motion of the camera

non-photorealistic rendering rendering of scenes in an artistic style, intended to look like a painting or drawing.

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Scanline and Rasterization rendering- geometrically projects objects in the

scene to an image plane, without advanced optical effects;

Ray Casting- considers the scene as observed from a specific point-ofview, calculating the observed image based only on geometry and very basic optical laws of reflection intensity, and perhaps using Monte Carlo techniques to reduce artifacts.

Ray Tracing- is similar to ray casting, but employs more advanced optical simulation, and usually uses Monte Carlo techniques to obtain more realistic results at a speed that is often orders of magnitude slower.

It serves as the most abstract formal expression of the non-perceptual aspect of

rendering. All more complete algorithms can be seen as solutions to particular formulations of this equation.

At a particular position and direction, the outgoing light (Lo) is the sum of the emitted light (Le) and the reflected light. The reflected light being the sum of the incoming light (Li) from all directions, multiplied by the surface reflection and incoming angle. By connecting outward light to inward light, via an interaction point, this equation stands for the whole 'light transport' all the movement of light in a scene.

Rendering Equation