5.

0 MATRICES AND SYSTEM OF

LINEAR EQUATIONS
5.1 MATRICES

5.2 DETERMINANT OF MATRICES

5.3 INVERSE MATRICES

5.4 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
WITH THREE VARIABLES
LECTURE 1 OF 11

5.0 Matrices And Systems Of
Linear Equations

5.1 Matrices
At the end of the lesson, students
should be able to:
(a) define matrix and equality of matrices.
(b) identify different types of matrices
such as row, column, zero,
diagonal, upper triangular, lower
triangular and identity matrices.
(c) perform operations on matrices such as
- addition
- subtraction
- scalar multiplication
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The result of EURO 2006
P W D L G PTS
France 3 2 1 0 7 7
England 3 2 0 1 8 6
Croatia 3 0 2 1 4 2
Switzerland 3 0 1 2 1 1
Group B
The above standing shows MATRIX
form.
Matrix Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of
numbers enclosed between brackets.
The general form of a matrix with
m rows and n columns :
(
(
(
(
(
(

mn m m m
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a

3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
m rows
n columns
The order or dimension of a matrix
with m rows and n columns is m x n.
ij
a
(

The numbers that makes up a matrix
are called its entries or elements,
and they are specified by their row
and column position.
The matrix for which the entry is in
i
th
row and j
th
column is denoted by
ij
a
Let A =
(
(

7 3 2
2
1
6 5
(a) What is the order of A?
(b) If A = [ a
ij
] identify a
21
and a
13


Example 1
(a)Since A has 2 rows and 3 columns,
the order of A is 2 x 3.
(b) The entry a
21
is in the second
row and the first column.
Thus, a
21
=
The entry a
13
is in the first row and the
third column, and so a
13
=
2
1
-2
Solution
3 3
ij
a

(

Given A =
Find matrix A if
2
ij
ij i j
a
j i i j
s

=

+ >

Example 2
=
11
a
=
12
a
=
13
a
=
31
a
=
21
a
=
22
a
=
23
a
=
32
a
=
33
a
1(1) =
1(2) =
2(2) =
1(3) =
2(3) =
3(3) =
1
2(1) + 2 =
2(2) + 3 =
2(1) + 3 =
3
2
4
4
6
9
7
5
(
(
(

=
9 7 5
6 4 4
3 2 1
A
Solution
Two matrices are equal if they have the same
dimension and their corresponding entries are
equal
(

1 2
2 1
Which matrices below are the same?
A =
, B = , C =
(
(
(

1 2
1 2
2 1
| | 2 1
D =
(

1 2
2 1
Solution:
A = D
Equality of Matrices
Example 3
Let A = (

2 4 8
4 6 3
b
a
B= (

2 8 3 2
4 6 9
d
c
If A = B, find the value of a, b, c
and d.
Example 4
b = -2
c = 0
3 a = 9
a = -6
4b = -8
6 c = 6 2 3d= 8
3d = -6
d = -2
a=-6 , b = -2, c = 0, d= -2
Solution
Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix is a (1 x n) matrix [one row]
A = [ a
11
a
12
a
13
a
1n
]
Example
A = [ 1 2 3 ]
B = [ 1 0 7 8 4 3 5 ]
11
21
31
1 m
a
a
a
.
.
.
a
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2. Column Matrix is a (m x 1)
matrix [ one column ]
A =
Example
A =
0
4
(
(

,B =
(
(
(
(

7
5
3
2
3. Square Matrix is a (nxn) matrix which
has the same number of rows as
columns.
Example
(

8 1
3 1
A =
, 2 x 2 matrix
B =
(
(
(

1 3 2
2 1 3
2 3 1
, 3 x 3 matrix
4. Zero Matrix is a (m x n) matrix which
every entry is zero , and
denoted by .
Example
(
(
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
O = O =
(

0 0
0 0
O =
(
(
(

0 0
0 0
0 0
O
(
(
(
(
(
(

mm m m m
m
m
m
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a

3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
5. Diagonal Matrix
Let A =
The diagonal entries of A are a
11
,a
22
,.,a
mm

A =
(

3 0
0 2
,B =
(
(
(

3 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
,C =
(
(
(

b
a
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
Example
A square matrix which non-diagonal entries
are all zero is called a diagonal matrix
6. Identity Matrix is a diagonal matrix
where all its diagonal entries are 1 and
denoted by I.
(

1 0
0 1
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
= I
2x2

= I
3x3

Example
7. Lower Triangular Matrix is a square matrix
and a
ij
= 0 for i < j
(
(
(

3 2 3
0 2 3
0 0 1
A =
,B =
(
(
(

e d c
f b
a
0
0 0
(
(
(

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
Example
8.Upper Triangular Matrix is a square matrix
and a
ij
= 0 for i > j
(
(
(

3 0 0
4 2 0
3 2 1
P =
R =
(
(
(

f
e d
c b a
0 0
0
(
(
(

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
Example
Addition And Subtraction Of Matrices
For m x n matrices

A = and B =



A + B = C = where


A B = D = where



] a [
ij
ij ij ij
b a c + =
.
ij ij ij
b a d =
] b [
ij
] c [
ij
] d [
ij
Operations on Matrices
NOTE
The addition or subtraction
of two matrices with different
orders is not defined.
We say the two matrices are
incompatible.
(

=
4 3
2 1
A
,
(

=
6 5
3 4
B
(

=
2
1
C
.
FIND :
(a) A + B (b) A B

(c) A + C
Example 5


(a) A + B =
(

4 3
2 1

+
(

6 5
3 4
(

+ +
+ +
6 4 ) 5 ( 3
3 2 4 1
=

5 5
2 10
Solution
(b) A B =
(

4 3
2 1
-
(

6 5
3 4

=
(

6 4 ) 5 ( 3
3 2 4 1
=
(

2 8
1 3




Since matrix A is of order
2 x 2 and matrix C is of order
2 x 1, the matrices have different
orders, thus A and C are
incompatible.
(

4 3
2 1

+
2
1
c) A + C =

ij
ca
ij
b =

then
] [
ij
a A =
where ] b [ cA
ij
If c is a scalar and
Scalar Multiplication

2 4
8 5
6 7
A

(
(
=
(
(

Given
1
2
A
Find
Example 6
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 4
1
8 5
2
6 7
A
(

(
=
(
(

(

(
(
(

2
7
2
5
3
4
2 1
=
Solution


Let and
calculate 3A 2B
(

=
3 5
4 1
A
(

=
2 4
6 3
B
Example 6
3 5
4 1
3
2 4
6 3
2
(

4 8
12 6
9 15
12 3
(

5 7
0 3

=

=

=
Solution
3 2 A B

1. A + B = B + A (Commutative)
2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associativite)
3. A + (-A) = (-A) + A = O (O - zero matrix)

A A A | o | o + = + ) .( 4
B A B A o o o + = + ) ( . 5
A A ) ( ) ( . 6 o| | o =
| o,
constant
Properties
Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix
2. Column Matrix
3. Square Matrix
4. Zero Matrix
5. Diagonal Matrix
6. Identity Matrix
7. Lower/Upper Triangular Matrix
NOTE
The addition or subtraction
of two matrices with different
orders is not defined.
We say the two matrices are
incompatible.
1. Identify the order of the given matrix
(

6 5 4
3 2 1
(a) ( b )
(
(
(

1 0
0 1
0 1
(c)
(
(
(
(

d
c
b
a
(d)
| | k j i
Exercises:
2
2
ij
( i j ) ,i j
b = ij ,i j
( i j ) ,i j
+ <
=
>
2(a) Find matrix A = [a
ij
]
2x3

if a
ij
= i
2
j + j
2
i
(b) Find matrix B = [b
ij
]
3x3

(

=
5 3
2 1
A
(

=
9 4
1 2
B
(

4 5 6
3 2 1
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
(

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+
4 2
0 0
4
3 3
6 2
X X
3. Simplify the given quantity for
and

(a) A + B (b) A B
(c) 2A 5B (d) 3A + 2B

=

(b) -2
4. Solve the given equation for
the unknown matrix X.

(a) 2X +
2 6 12
6 16 30
(
(

1 4 5
0 4 7
1 1 9
(
(
(
(

1. (a) 2 X 3 (b) 3 X 2
(c) 4 X 1 (d) 1 X 3


(b)
2. (a)
ANSWERS
(

14 7
3 3
(

4 1
1 1
3. (a) (b)

(

35 14
1 8
(

33 17
8 7
(c)
(d)
(

2 3
1
2
5
2
3
2
1
(

5 4
6 2
4. (a)
(b)