Section 4.4 Acceleration

Section 4.
Acceleration
• Motion graphs in one direction

• Motion graphs with a change
in direction
• Experiments to study motion
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 1
4.4 Acceleration (SB p. 17)
Acceleration
Usually, v ≠ constant
e.g. Bicycle
• starting to move (increase velocity from 0)
• braking (decrease velocity to 0)
change in velocity of an object
⇒ acceleration (a)

Acceleration
Acceleration = Change of velocity

Time interval
v −u
a=
t
Unit: m s−2

Acceleration
Journey of a car between traffic lights
velocity increase
(i) From 0 s − 10 s,
Av erage accelerati on of the car (a) = 25 − 10 = 2.5 m s−2
10

Acceleration
constant velocity
(ii) From 10 − 20 s,
A verage accelerati on (a) = 25 − 25 = 0 m s−2
20 − 10

Acceleration
velocity decrease
(iii) From 20 − 40 s,
A verage acceleration (a) = 0 − 25 = −1.25 m s−2
40 − 20
Note: a is vector, Deceleration = 1.25 m s-2
Acceleration
Summary of the journey
(1) a = 2.5 m s-2 (2) a = 0 (3) a = -1.25 m s-2
(1) acceleration
(2) uniform
motion
(3) deceleration

Acceleration
a body moves with constant acceleration

along a straight line
⇒ uniformly accelerated motion
Thinking 4 Thinking 5

Example 4:
A racing car accelerates from rest to 100 km h−1 in 4 s. Find its
average acceleration. Solut
ion
The racing car is initially at rest, so u = 0 m s−1.
100 × 1 000 m 250
v = 100 km h -1 = = m s -1
1 × 3 600 s 9
t =4s
250
−0
v−u
By a = = 9
t 4
∴ a = 6.94 m s - 2

Motion graphs in one direction

v-t graph and
acceleration-time graph (a-t graph)
Slope of v-t Change in velocity

graph =
Change in time
∆v
=
∆t
= Acceleration (a)

v-t graph
For uniformly accelerated motion,

v-t graph:
• straight line

a-t graph
slope of v-t
= acceleration = constant
graph
The corresponding
a-t graph is:

Constant velocity

uniform acceleration
aA > aB

Increasing acceleration

Thinking 6
Displacement from v-t graph

area under v-t graph ⇒ displacement (s)
CAL
Workshop 1
Motion on a
plane

Example 5:
The velocity-time graph of a car is shown.
Find the displacements of the car in the time intervals of
(a) 0 to 10 s,
(b) 10 to 15 s, and
(c) 0 to 15 s (whole journey).
Solut
(a) Displacement from 0 to 10 s
ion
= Area of region A = 20 × 10 = 200 m
(b) Displacement from 10 to 15 s = Area of region B
20 × (15 − 10)
=
2
= 50 m
(c) Total displacement = 200 + 50 = 250 m

Class Practice 5:
The v-t graph of a train moving
in a straight rail is shown in the
figure.
Ans
wer
(a) Find the acceleration of the train in different time intervals.

20 − 0
= 0.8
(i) From 0 s to 25 s, a =________________________ m s−2
25 − 0
20 − 20
= 0 m s−2
75 − 25
(ii) From 25 s to 75 s, a =________________________
0 − 20
100 − 75 = − 0.8 m s−2
(ii) From 75 s to 100 s, a =________________________

Class Practice 5 (Cont):
Ans
wer
[(75−25)+100] × 20
= 1 500 m
2
(b) Total distance travelled = ________________________
Total distance travelled = 1 500 m

Total displacement = ________________________
Class Practice 6:
The figure shows the velocity-time graphs of two cars A and

B. When a traffic light turns red, both the drivers apply their
brakes and stop their cars within the same time interval.
Compare the deceleration and stopping distance of the cars.
Ans
wer
(a) Car A is braking with
uniform
_______________
(uniform / increasing / decreasing)
deceleration, while car B is braking
increasing
with _______________ deceleration.
Ans
wer
shorter
(b) The stopping distance of car A is _______________
(longer / shorter) than that of car B because
_________________________________________
the area covered by the v-t graph for car A is
smaller than that for car B.
_________________________________________ .
Example 6:
A runner starts from rest and his acceleration-time graph is

shown. Sketch the velocity-time graph and displacement-time
graph of his motion. Solut
ion

Class Practice 7:
The acceleration-time graph of a uniformly accelerated

motion can be plotted if its velocity-time graph is given. Draw
the corresponding a-t graph in each of the following cases.
(a)
a = 5 m s−2
Ans
wer
(b)
a = −5 m s−2
Ans
wer

(c)
a = 0 m s−2
Ans
wer

Class Practice 8:
The velocity-time graph of a car is shown in Fig. (a).

Complete its acceleration-time graph in Fig. (b)
0.3
0.2
0.1
−0.1
−0.2
−0.3
0 – 15 s, a = 3/15 = 0.2 m s-2

Fig. Fig.
15 – 25 s, a = 0
(a) (b) Ans
25 – 35 s, a = –3/10 = –0.3 m s-2
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. wer 27
Class Practice 9:
A car, which is at rest initially, accelerates from t = 0 s to

t = 4 s, and then decelerates from t = 4 s to t = 8 s
before it stops at t = 8 s. Sketch the displacement-time
graph of the car on the graph below. Ans
wer
acceleration deceleration
stop

Motion graphs with a change in direction
v-t graph:
• OA ─ accelerates (to right)
• AB ─ decelerates (to right) and
stops at B
• BC ─ accelerates (to left)
above time
axis (to right)
below time
axis (to left)
v-t graph
Area of v-t graph
• I ─ distance travelled towards right

• II ─ distance travelled towards left
• (I + II) ─ total distance travelled
• (I − II) ─ total displacement
a-t graph
a-t graph:
• OA ─ acceleration to right
• AC ─ acceleration to left
(deceleration to right)
Experiments to study motion

Go to
Data-logging set-up
More to Know 4
metal plate motion
sensor
Expt. 4A
computer Understanding
• interface motion
(data-logging)
• sensors
data-logging • software
interface

Data-logging set-up
Advantages:
• can record automatically
• high sensitivity
• can record and store one or
more sets of data for long
time
• easy in graphs visualization
• easy to change parameters
Position-time graph and velocity-time

graph of the metal plate
Acceleration down an inclined plane
Expt. 4D
Acceleration
down an
ticker-tape timer inclined plane
trolley
to low-
voltage
power
supply
ticker-tape


v-t graph of the trolley v = strip length
(ticker-tape) time interval
v


v-t graph
⇒ straight line (constant slope)
⇒ trolley moves down with uniform
acceleration
a = constant

Calculation of acceleration
Initial velocity of the trolley (u)

= Average velocity in 1st strip
5 cm u = 5 cm s–1
= 0.05 m s–1

Final velocity of the trolley (v)

= Average velocity in 13th strip
= 70 cm s–1
70 cm v = 0.7 m s–1

Length
13th strip Time interval (t)
= (13 - 1) × 0.1
= 1.2 s
1.2 s
1st strip
t
The acceleration of the trolley
a = v −u
t
= 0.7 − 0.05
1.2
= 0.54 m s −2

Inclined plane with different slopes
• Increasing the slope of the inclined plane,
• acceleration of trolley is increased

Data-logging set-up
Expt. 4C
Acceleration
motion sensor down an
inclined plane
to computer (data-logging)
cart
fig. 4.25b(p.33)
v-t graph of the cart

To section 4.5

Thinking 4:
A lift rests on the ground floor and then

moves upwards to the sixth floor. Describe
when the lift is moving with
(a) uniform velocity
(b) increasing velocity and
(c) decreasing velocity.
Ans
wer

Return to
Thinking 4 (Cont):
Text
The lift moves with
increasing velocity when it
starts to ascend. Then it
moves with approximately
uniform velocity. Finally,
when it is about to reach the
sixth floor, it is moving with
decreasing velocity until it
stops.

Thinking 5
Return to
Comment on the statement: Text

“The sign of the acceleration is the indicator of
the direction of motion. The change in sign
indicates a change in the direction of motion.”
Ans
wer
?
The statement is incorrect. When a body is projected
upwards, it moves upwards and then downwards with
a constant acceleration due to gravity.
Thinking 6
Sketch a s-t graph for a body that is

accelerating. Then draw another one for a
body that is decelerating. Ans
wer
Return to
Text

More to know 4
Ticket-tape timer Record motion:

1. distance travelled
2. time taken
Ticker-tape timers Ticker-tape

More to know 4 (Cont):
Expt. 4B
• pass a long Understanding
motion
ticker-tape
through the timer
• vibrating at 50 Hz
50 dots in 1 s

• Time interval for 1 ticks

(2-dots) length
= 1 = 0.02 s
50
• Time interval for 5-tick
length = 0.02 × 5 = 0.1 s


1. Omit the first few points. Cut the tape
into strips of 5-tick length
2. Stick the strips in order side by side
3. y-axis ─ strip length
x-axis ─ time
Tape-chart strip length
time

More to know 4 (Cont): 1. y-axis ─ speed

2. Join the mid-points of
the tops of the strips
Strip length
Average speed =
0.1 s speed
time

s-t graph Return to
Text
speed is increasing speed is unchanged
(changing-speed motion) (constant-speed motion)
speed is decreasing
(changing-speed motion)
Area under the line

= total distance travelled

Section 4.4 Acceleration

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Section 4.4 Acceleration

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Section 4.

• Motion graphs in one direction

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 2

Acceleration = Change of velocity

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 3

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 4

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 5

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 7

a body moves with constant acceleration

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© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 9

Motion graphs in one direction

Slope of v-t Change in velocity

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 10

For uniformly accelerated motion,

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 11

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 12

Motion graphs in one direction

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 13

Motion graphs in one direction

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 14

Motion graphs in one direction

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 15

Motion graphs in one direction

Motion graphs in one direction

Displacement from v-t graph

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 17

(c) Total displacement = 200 + 50 = 250 m

(a) Find the acceleration of the train in different time intervals.

(ii) From 75 s to 100 s, a =________________________

Class Practice 5 (Cont):

Total distance travelled = 1 500 m

The figure shows the velocity-time graphs of two cars A and

Class Practice 6 (Cont):

A runner starts from rest and his acceleration-time graph is

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 23

The acceleration-time graph of a uniformly accelerated

Class Practice 7 (Cont):

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 25

Class Practice 7 (Cont):

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 26

The velocity-time graph of a car is shown in Fig. (a).

0 – 15 s, a = 3/15 = 0.2 m s-2

A car, which is at rest initially, accelerates from t = 0 s to

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 28

Motion graphs with a change in direction

Area of v-t graph

• I ─ distance travelled towards right

Experiments to study motion

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 32

Position-time graph and velocity-time

Acceleration down an inclined plane

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 34

Acceleration down an inclined plane

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 35

Acceleration down an inclined plane

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Initial velocity of the trolley (u)

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Final velocity of the trolley (v)

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The acceleration of the trolley

© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 40