EMBEDED CONCEPTS

INTRODUCTION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FAULT CONDITION TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT THEORY FAULT LOCATION USING GPS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
New Techniques for the protection of transmission

lines . Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network. Relay contains a fault detection system together with a GPS communication system. GPS determine the location of the fault. GPS Technique

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

GENERATION

TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION

A Fault is an abnormal flow of currents

Possible fault conditions : Lightening strikes near line Snow storms/icing on lines causes to sag High winds Bird or animal contact Conductor clash

LOCATION OF FAULT

Helps to

Save time and resources for electric utility

industry Determine distance to fault from a transmission line end Aid in fast restoration of power Communication systems can retrieve fault location system

What is travelling wave fault location ?

Faults on the power transmission

systems causes transients that propagate along transmission lines as waves . These waves have a propagation velocity and characteristic impedance ,travel from fault location towards line ends. The location of faults is accomplished by precisely time-tagging wave fronts as they cross a known point typically in substations at line ends . Fault location can be obtained by multiplying the wave velocity by the time difference in line ends .

TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT LOCATION THEORY

Travelling wave fault locators make use of transient

signals generated by the fault. Unlike other fault location systems ,the travelling wave fault locator is unaffected by load conditions Precisely synchronized clocks are the key element in the implementation of this fault location techniques The required level of clock accuracy has only recently been available at reasonable cost with the introduction of GPS

BENEFITS OF TRAVELLING WAVE LOCATION THEORY

Early fault locators used RADAR
RADAR equipment is typically mobile are located at

substations and requires manual operation Travelling wave fault locators are becoming popular where higher accuracy is important GPS-based sub microsecond timing system has proven reliable in several utility travelling wave projects

FAULT LOCATION USING GPS

Global positioning system(GPS) is a

satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit. Originally intended for military applications Allows precise determination of location, velocity , direction and time

HOW GPS WORKS ?

GPS satellite circle the earth twice a day.
Transmit signal information to Earth. Receiver take this information and calculate the users

exact location. Accurate 3D location requires 4 satellites GPS satellite transmits two low power radio signals

Operation of the fault location system (FLS) using GPS A fault locator remote is coupled
to each end of the line via CPT FL is synchronized to the common timing standard of UTC from GPS Fault resulting produces travelling waves (transients) The FL remote time tag the transient arrival times

 By knowing the line

length(L) and time of arrival difference (tb-ta) distance X can be calculated from the FL equation X=[L-C(tb-ta)]/2 ta & tb are end A and end B arrival time C=velocity of light

ADVANTAGES
Protection of transmission line using GPS is

extremely accurate. Economical Fast response Reliability and availability

DISADVANTAGES
Signal multipath Receiver clock errors Number of satellites visible

Ionosphere and troposphere delays

CONCLUSION
Uses a dedicated fault detector to extract transient

signal and GPS system to time tag the signals . Travelling time of the transient signal from the point of the fault to the adjacent substation is used to determine the fault location Proposed technique is able to offer a high accuracy in fault location Unlike traditional protection schemes this technique offers a new concept in network protection