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Mitosis/Meiosis Overview
Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Reproduction
Asexual, required 1 parent cell Division increases population
Growth
Organism develops from a single cell 100 trillion cells in a human body from single cell RBC reproduce 1 million/second
Repair
Mitosis/Meiosis Overview
Meiosis
Reproduction
Sexual, requires TWO parents Produces gametes: egg and sperm cells Leads to genetic variability and diversity within species
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)
Meiosis
Original cell is diploid (2n) Four daughter cells produced, are haploid (1n)
with 46 double stranded chromosomes After 1 division - 23 double stranded chromosomes After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes Occurs in our germ cells that produce gametes
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Replication of Chromosomes
Replication is the process of duplicating a chromosome Occurs prior to division Replicated copies are called sister chromatids Held together at centromere
Occurs in Interphase
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A Replicated Chromosome
Gene X
Homologous chromosomes
(same genes, different alleles)
Sister Chromatids
(same genes, same alleles)
too much!
meiosis reduces genetic content The right number!
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Meiosis II
Nucleus
Early Prophase I (Chromosome number doubled) Late Prophase I
Spindle fibers
Nuclear envelope
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Prophase I
Early prophase
Homologs pair. Crossing over occurs.
Late prophase
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Crossing-Over
Homologous chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged Produces Genetic recombination in the offspring
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Crossing-Over
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment
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Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
Microtubules from one pole are attached to the centromere of one chromosome of each tetrad, while those from the other pole are attached to the other.
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Anaphase I
Telophase I
-Homologous chromosomes move until there is a haploid set at each pole. -Each chromosome consists of linked sister chromatids. -Cytokinesis by the same mechanisms as mitosis usually occurs simultaneously Nucleus reforms, but there is no further replication of chromosomes.
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Meiosis II
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Prophase II
Prophase II
During prophase II a spindle apparatus forms, attaches to centromeres of each sister chromatids, and moves them around.
Spindle fibers from one pole attach to the centromere of one sister chromatid and those of the other pole to the other sister chromatid.
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Metaphase II
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Anaphase II
Equator
Pole
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Telophase II
Nuclear envelope assembles. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two.
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Results of Meiosis
-Gametes (egg & sperm) form -Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome
-One allele of each gene is inherited from each parent -Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome
Lesson#1.3 Gametogenesis
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Gametogenesis
Oogenesis or Spermatogenesis
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Spermatogenesis
Occurs in the testesbegins at puberty Two divisions produce 4 spermatids Spermatids mature into sperm Men produce about 250,000,000 sperm per day
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Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies that die and 1 egg Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm Immature egg called oocyte Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures into an ovum (egg) every 28 days
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Oogenesis
First polar body may divide (haploid)
a X a X
Meiosis II a
X
a A
X
X
Meiosis I
At puberty, your sex cells (gametes) go through meiosis to prepare for fertilization
23 chromosomes, n (haploid)
FERTILIZATION
Adult
mitosis
baby
embryo
mitosis
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Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis
1 2 Number of divisions Number of daughter cells Genetically identical? Chromosome # 2 4
Meiosis
Yes
Same as parent
No
Half of parent