Clock Generation

1/16/12

Required Materials

Clock Generation
Astable Mulivibrator Inverter-Based Oscillator 555 Timer Circuit

Inverter-Based Oscillator

Delay Per Stage of the Inverter

(273 pS)

(395 ps)

Period: 395-273=122 pS, Delay per stage (TD): 234-214=20 pS. Period is 2NTD

Oscillation Frequency Calculation

fosc=2.14 GHz Tosc=467 pS=2NTD
TD=20 pS N=Tosc/(2TD)=467 pS/(2 20)=11.68 N must be odd. Choose N as 11.

11 Stage Oscillator

11 Stage Oscillator

Period: 1.501 nS-1.052 nS=0.449 nS, Freq=2.227 GHz

Astable Multivibrator Circuit

RC

555 configured as a monostable circuit

Resistive divider + is the pos. of the battery=9V

+3 V
comparator FF=flip-flip, depicted as a DPDT switch.

+6 V
- is the neg. term. of the battery=0V

(Assumption: pin #3 is connected to 0V)

Comparator

comparator

We will assume that the FF is in the up position when the 555 timer IC is powered up.

Each comparator compares two inputs and delivers an output depending on whether the inputs are similar or different.

UP and DOWN remind you what each comparator does when it is activated.

555 configured as a monostable circuit

0V
Step 1: Ground pin 2, The output voltage of comparator A goes up Pin 7 will be disconnected from the ground. Step 2: C4 will get charged through R4. The voltage at pin 6 will go up.

0V

You dont need to memorize this. Just look at switch drawn in the FF.

555 configured as a monostable circuit

Step 3: The voltage at pin 6 will take some time to rise up to 9.

0V

Step 4: Note that the voltage at pin 5 is fixed to 2/3 of 9 V. When the voltage at pin 6 exceeds the voltage at pin 5, the output (pin 3) will be grounded and pin 7 will again be connected to ground. (You dont need to memorize this. Just look at the switch in the flipflop.)

+6V

Summary

Control the pulse duration

Sample Waveform

555 configured as an astable circuit

Explanation on the next slide.

Operations of astable timer

Lets assume that C1 is initially grounded. Step 1: A low voltage at pin 2 causes the Comparator to send a down signal to FF. Step 2: The output voltage at (pin 3) goes up and the pin 7 is disconnected from R2. (Again, look at the switch in the FF) Step 3: C1 gets charged up through R1+R2. Step 4: The voltage across C1 goes up. Step 5: The voltage at pin 6 exceeds the voltag at pin 5. Step 6: The comparator sends a high signal to the flip flop. Step 7: The voltage of Pin 7 goes to ground an The voltage goes to ground. Step 8: C1 discharges through R2. Step 9: Go back to step 1.

Frequency of an Astable Oscillator

Summary of astable timer

Control the frequency of the astable timer

What if you need a clock?

Square Wave Oscillator Using 555 Timer IC

http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-555square.html

A Closer Look at the Square Wave Generator

http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-555int.html

Sawtooth Oscillator

http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-555saw.html

Low Duty Cycle

http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-555lowduty.html

Pinout Diagram