CONDUCCION EN DOS Y TRES DIMENSIONES

CONDICIONES DE CONTORNO

BOUNDARY CONDICIONS CONSTANTS

Thus, the quantities Cn, sinh (nX/L) must be the coefficients of the Fourier sine series for f(x) in the interval 0 <x < L. From the theory of Fourier series,

Principle of Superposition The linearity of the Laplace equation requires that a linear combination of solutions is itself a solution; this is the principle of superposition. A problem having more than one non homogeneous boundary condition can be resolved into a set of simpler problems each with the physical geometry of the original problem and each having only one non homogeneous boundary condition. The solutions to the simpler problems can be superposed (at the geometric point being considered) to yield the solution to the original problem.

EXAMPLE

NON HOMOGENOUS BOUDARY CONDITIONS Determine the temperature at the (1/4, 1/4)

CONDUCTIVE SHAPE FACTOR

The figure represents a heated pipe with a thick layer of insulation. The inner surface of the insulation is at uniform temperature T1, the outer surface is at uniform temperature To, and there is a resulting outward heat flux for Ti > To. Constructing uniformly spaced lines perpendicular to the isotherms results in a group of heat flow lanes. In Fig. there are four such lanes in the quadrant selected for study, and the other three quadrants would be similar due to the problem symmetry. If we can determine the rate of heat transfer for a single lane, then we can easily find the total. Note that there is no heat transfer across one of the radial lines, such as line a-6, because there is no angular temperature gradient.

Freehand Plotting

Techniques for freehand plotting include: 1. Identify all known isotherms. 2. Apply symmetry (geometrical and thermal) to reduce the art work. 3. Begin, if possible, in a region where the adiabatics can be uniformly spaced. 4. Begin with a crude network sketch to find the approximate locations of isotherms and adiabatics. 5. Continuously modify the network by maintaining adiabatic lines normal to isothermal lines while forming curvilinear squares.

Electrical Analog Electrical Analog

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Consider a general two-dimensional body as shown in Fig. 3-6. The body has uniform thickness L in the z-direction and no temperature gradient in that direction. Choosing an appropriate Ax and Ay, the body is divided into a network of rectangles, each containing a single nodal point at its center. It is convenient to consider the heat transfer as occurring between nodal points only, these being connected by fictitious rods acting as conductors resistors for the heat flow. Thermal energy is considered to be stored at the nodal points only. The horizontal and vertical conductance are given by

Computer Solution

Relaxation Technique

Determine the steady state temperatures at the four interior nodal points of Fig. 3-9. The nodal equations, obtained with the aid of (3.14),are

The nodal equations, obtained

which comprise a set of four linear algebraic equations containing the four unknown nodal temperatures. The relaxation method of solution proceeds as follows: 1. Assume (guess) values for the four unknown temperatures. Good initial guesses help to minimize the ensuing work. 2. Since the initial guesses will usually be in error, the right side of each nodal equation will differ from zero; a residual will exist due to inaccuracies in the assumed values. Consequently, we replace the zeros in equations (I) through (4)with RI,R2,R3,and R4,respectively:

3. Set up a unit change table such as Table 3-2, which shows the effect of a one-degree change of temperature at one node upon the residuals. The fact that a block (overall) unit change has the same effect upon all residuals is unusual, this being due to the overall problem symmetry.

4. Calculate the initial residuals for the initially assumed temperatures using the residual equations (5) through (8). 5. Set up a relaxation table such as Table 3-3. Begin with the initially assumed temperatures and the resulting initial residuals. The left-hand column records the changes from the initially assumed temperature values. Notice that the procedure begins by relaxing the largest initial residual (or perhaps by making a block change, a technique useful when all residuals are of the same sign).

the present problem, we should begin by reducing R2 or R3. Arbitrarily choose R2 and proceed by over-relaxing slightly. At this point the convenience afforded by Table 3-2 becomes evident; this facilitates rapid calculation of the changes in the residuals without recourse to the equations. Notice that the +20 change in T, reduced the residuals at nodes 1 and 2 but unfortunately increased R3. The first row in Table 3-3 shows the new residuals and temperatures; the only temperature changed is underlined. Proceeding, we next relax the largest resulting residual, this being R3.Following a temperature change of +25 at node 3, we see that R4= 0. This does not necessarily mean that we have obtained the correct temperature at node 4,but rather that the set of as yet incorrect temperature values happens to satisfy eq. (4) exactly. Proceeding, the largest residual is now

R2,which is reduced to 0 by a +5 change in T,. This also reduces all remaining

residuals to zero. A check is made by substituting the temperatures thus obtained into eqs. (I) through (4);this verifies the solution.

GaussSeidel Method

To illustrate this very popular method of solution of a set of nodal equations, return to the figure, and associated temperature nodal equations (1), (2), (3),and (4).Naming the set of equations (3.26a) we have

Next, we rearrange these equations to have the unknown temperature at each node to appear on one side of the equation alone and with the coefficient +l. This is done by solving the first equation in (3.16a)for T,, the second for T2,and so forth, yielding (3.16b).

Proceeding to solve (3.166)with the Gauss-Seidel method, an initial set of temperatures T1 throughT4 is assumed. Obviously, reasonable choices here will facilitate the solution, and the temperatures must be bounded by 200 C and 500 C. Choosing Tl = 450 C, T2= 350, T3= 250, and T, = 350, all in "C,is a reasonable guess. We next insert these T2and T4values in the right side of the first equation of (3.16b) and calculate a new estimate of Tl, viz.

Proceeding to calculate new estimates of T2, T3,and T4, always using the newest value available for each temperature, yields (3.I6d).

At this point we have completed one iteration. To proceed, we next use the newest temperature values from set (3.16d)together with the solution set (3.I6b) to calculate the next iteration set, always using the newest T value available. Thus, to calculate a new T,, defined in set (3.I6b), we use the T2and T4 values from (3.26d),obtaining

Again, proceeding to calculate new estimates for T2, T,, and T4, always using the newest value available for each temperature, yields (3.16e).

The next (third) iteration through the set of equations yields

and the next (fourth) iteration yields

All temperatures are in "C. At this point we question the value of additional iterations. Usually, temperature values within 5 a few per cent accuracy are suitable for engineering calculations. If we use m as a superscript to denote the previous iteration and nz + 1 to identify the iteration just completed, a computer program could use a test such as