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Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to peruse a certain course of action.
The study of motivation helps managers: understand what prompts people to initiate action what influences their choice of action and why they persist on that action over time
Motivation theories
Different models Traditional Model ( Taylor, Gantt) Human relations Model (Maslow, Mayo) Human resources Model Focus Provide wage incentives { Bribes} Cater to people needs Offer increased responsibility through job design
Egotistic
(Self-esteem, Status, Recognition)
Social
(Belonging to group, Being accepted, Friendship)
Working groups
Freedom of threats
Safety
(Security, Free from danger)
Food, water
Physiological
(Hunger, Thirst, Sleep)
Motivators
Achievement Recognition Responsibility Work itself Personal growth Motivators influence level of satisfaction
Hygiene factors
Working conditions Pay & security Company policies Supervisors Interpersonal relationships Hygiene factors influence level of dissatisfaction
Highly dissatisfied
Motivation
Maintenance
Physiological needs
Wages
McGregors X theory
1. Average human beings have an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can 2. Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with punishment to achieve organizations objectives 3. Average human beings prefer to be directed, wish to avoid responsibility, have relatively little ambition and want security above all.