Cell Range

Radio Design 15th April 2011

Introduction

Cell range is the distance from BTS to a point where the

received signal strength from BTS

sensitivity level at that point.

is equal to

MS

Coverage

area

can

be

calculated

from

cell

range

depending upon the shape of the cell , which can be hexagonal , square or circular , though hexagonal cells are conventional .

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Path loss

The signal path loss is essentially the reduction in power density

of an electromagnetic wave or signal as it propagates through

the environment in which it is travelling. There are many reasons for the radio path loss that may occur: Free space loss Absorption losses Diffraction Multipath

Terrain
Buildings and vegetation

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EIRP
Gantenns,bts Ptrx
TRX Output

Lcombiner
Combiner

Lduplexer
Duplexer

Lconnector,Lfeeder&jumper EIRP (Effective isotropically radiated power) is the amount

of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna would emit to

produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. EIRP = TRX Output Power Combiner loss Duplexer lossConnector loss Feeder & Jumper loss + Antenna gain =Ptrx-Lcombiner-Lduplexer-Lconnector-Lfeeder&jumper+Gantenns,bts
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MAPL
Gantenns,bts Ptr
TRX x Output

Lcombiner
Combiner

Lduplexer
Duplexer

Path loss (Lp)

MS

Lconnector,Lfeeder&jumper MAPL (maximum allowable path loss ) = EIRP MSsensitivity

After calculating MAPL , the corresponding cell size can be

determined by using the appropriate wave propagation model.

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Wave propagation models

Empirical models are based on measurements. Some empirical

models (like the ITU model) are curves derived from measurements.
Others summarize the measurements in formulas (like the Okumura Hata model) which fit the measured data. Such models are very simple to handle but also usually rather imprecise.

Deterministic models are based on simplifying assumption for the

general problem.it can be a simple model for a special situation of the general problem (like the knife edge model). Deterministic model can reach a very high precision, but they suffer from a very high

complexity.
Semi empirical models are a combination of empirical models with deterministic models for special situations.

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Wave propagation models

Empirical models Log distance path loss ITU Okumura Hata COST Hata

Semi empirical models Okumura Hata & knife edge COST Hata & knife edge COST Walfisch Ikegami

Deterministic models Ray launching, ray tracing Finite difference

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Okumura Hata model

The Okumura Hata model

is the most popular empirical

model for macro cell predictions. The Okumura Hata model assumes a quasi flat surface, i.e. obstacles like buildings are not explicitly taken into

account. Thus the Okumura Hata model is isotropic. The

different types of surfaces (big cities, small cities, suburban and rural) are distinguished by different correction factors in this model.

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Okumura Hata model

The path loss for urban : L = Lu- a(hr) dB suburban : L = Lu- a(hr)-2{log (f/28)}2 -5.4 dB Rural : L = Lu-a(hr)-4.78(log f)2 18.33log f -40.94 dB
Lu=69.55+26.16 log f13.82log ht+(44.9 6.55 log ht )* log d dB

Where ,
f is the frequency in the range [150:1500] MHz ht is the height of the transmitter in range [30:200] Ft hr is the height of the receiver in range [1:10] m d is the radio link distance in the range [1:20]km a(hr) is the correction factor depending upon hr

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Okumura Hata model

The mobile antenna height correction factor is computed as: For a small city and medium size city: a(hr)= (1.1log(f )- 0.7) hr - (1.56 log( f ) - 0.8)

For a large city a(hr)= 8.29(log(1.54hr ))2 -1.1 a(hr)= 3.2(log(11.75 hr) )2 - 4.97 f < 300 MHz f 300 MHz

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COST Hata model

The Okumura Hata model cannot be applied directly to

systems like GSM 1800/1900 or DECT. Therefore it was

extended to higher frequencies in the framework of the European research cooperation COST. The major difference between the Okumura Hata model is a modified dependence on frequency and additional correction factor for inner city areas. Same as okumura hata model , in COST model Local properties of the surface (big buildings, hills

etc.) are not taken into account.

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COST Walfisch Ikegami model

For a better accuracy in urban areas building height and street width have to be taken into account, at least as statistical

parameters. Based on the Walfisch Bertoni propagation model

for BS antennas place above the roof tops, the semi-empirical COST Walfisch Ikegami model is a generalization including BS antennas placed below the roof tops. Parameter range for this model: Frequency f= [800:2000]MHz Height base station ht= [4:50]m

Height Mobile station hr= [1:3]m

Distance d= [0.02:5]km
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Cell range

When , L (path loss) = Lp,max (maximum allowable path loss) The distance d (radio link distance ) = R (cell range ) For example , by calculating MAPL (maximum allowable path loss ) = EIRP MSsensitivity

we can use appropriate propagation model , such as : Okumura hata

model (for large urban city ) : Lp,max =69.55+26.16 log f13.82log ht+(44.96.55log ht )*logR-a(hr) where , a(hr)= 3.2(log(11.75 hr) )2 - 4.97 And find out the R(cell range ) and thus the coverage area.

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THANK YOU

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