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Starter
c.1.34ml Concentration of Hb in blood = c. 15g/100ml Therefore 100ml blood can transport up to 20 ml of O2 (1.34 x 15) Remaining 3% of O2 carried in blood plasma
Impact of Smoking
Smoking reduces levels of fitness (especially aerobic)
amongst other things (next slide) O2 attaches to Hb in red blood cells when leaving lungs CO is c.250x more attachable to Hb than O2 As levels of CO increase in blood, O2 transport/ release greatly reduced Heart has to work much harder to supply same amount of O2 to muscles
Transport of CO2
CO2 produced in bodys tissues transported in blood in number of ways: c.8% transported in plasma Up to 20% combines with Hb to form Carbaminohaemoglobin c.70% dissolved in water as carbonic acid CO2 must be effectively removed from body if it is to perform effectively http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXOBJEXxNEo COMPLETE PART 2: WARM-UPS & COOL-DOWNS
Warm-up:
Improves O2 delivery to muscles because of increased HR & stronger contractions caused by Adrenaline
Cool-down:
Maintains cardiorespiratory functioning to help speed up recovery process
Keeps capillaries & other blood vessels dilated muscles can then be flushed with O2 rich blood to remove by-products (e.g. CO2 & lactic acid)
Maintains venous return mechs of skeletal & respiratory pumps prevents blood pooling in veins (can cause dizziness)
Initiates vascular shunt mech blood redistributed via vasoconstriction/dilation of arterioles & pre-capillary sphincters
Delays OBLA Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation can work harder/longer without fatigue
Increased temperature reduces blood viscosity which increases blood flow to working muscles
muscle receives less O2 Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Severe cases may require heart bypass surgery
http://www.nhs.uk/video/pages/medialibrary.aspx?Filter=&Id=%7B6b 7d7bd3-d45b-4e41-84c19f3a4a3bbd1a%7D&Tag=&Uri=video/2007/sept/Pages/CHD.aspx
Atherosclerosis
Deposition of fatty substances in arteries Degenerative disease thickening/hardening of arterial
walls due to plaque being deposited (atheroma) Diameter of blood vessel decrease (next slide) Blood clots can form on rough edges of atheroma http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRK7-DCDKEA
Stroke
Blockage of arteries supplying O2 to brain Causes O2 deprivation to brain Leads to cerebral infarction STROKE
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Introduction.aspx
Hypertension
Harder arteries from atherosclerosis = less elasticity & less able to
vasodilate/constrict Less ability to regulate BP which rises permanently HYPERTENSION Clinically defined as: BP constantly over 160 mmHg 100 Increases risk of stroke, heart attack & kidney failure
Independent - Aka primary risk factors presence of any 1 can cause CV disease:
Smoking High fat diet
2.
Dependent do not necessarily cause CV disease alone but increase risk when combined with other factors
Heredity Personality/stress Lack of exercise Age/gender
Independent Factors
Smoking Increases risk by up to 20x dependent on dosage Cessation can greatly reduce risks in few years High fat Deposits cholesterol in arteries cholesterol used by body to form cell membranes/hormones Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) & High-density Lipoproteins (HDL) LDLs transport & deposit cholesterol in arteries HDLs remove it & transport it to liver LDLs increase when saturated fat intake is high More LDLs than HDLs = increased risk of atherosclerosis
Dependent Factors
Heredity: Appears to be genetic link to CV disease (family history) Personality/stress: How person deals/copes with stress vital Type A personality impatient, aggressive & ambitious Type B opposite Type A > Type B higher risk of CV diseases Lack of exercise: People who regularly exercise at c.70% of max HR have much lower risk of CV diseases Age/gender: Older you are more likely to develop CV diseases progressive atherosclerosis over time Not confined to old age though fatty streaks start appear in teens May develop into fibrous plaque by early 20s Severe blockages may occur by early 40s Men > women more likely to develop
adaptation of CV system Improves contractility of & blood supply to heart Regular vasodilation/constriction caused by exercise prevents arteries hardening & keeps them elastic This prevents atherosclerosis & hypertension Can reduce levels of fatty deposits in blood & increase proportion of HDL to LDL Reduces overall cholesterol levels Reduces body fat decreasing strain on CV system Decreases chances of adult-onset diabetes by breaking down blood glucose which in turn reduces blood sugar content Cathartic reduces stress
Recap Activity
Mind Map
Homework
Next Lesson
Revision test: Vascular system
Blood (function/viscosity/vessels) Double circulatory system Venous return mechanism
Blood pressure
Distribution of cardiac output at rest & exercise Vasomotor control/vascular shunt mechanism