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LESSON 21 AS PE ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

James Barraclough Transport of Gases & Warm-ups/Cool-downs

Starter

Aims: Transport of Gases & Warm-ups/ Cool-downs


Objectives: by the end of the lesson learners will be able: Describe how oxygen & carbon dioxide are transported Describe the physiological effects of warm-up & cooldown on CV system Consider Health-related factors role of exercise in maintaining a healthy & active lifestyle

Transport of Oxygen: Activity 1


ANSWERS c.97% of O2 carried by red blood cells combined with haemoglobin (iron-based protein) Haemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhaemoglobin Hb O2 HbO2
Each Hb molecule can combine with 4 molecules of O2 =

c.1.34ml Concentration of Hb in blood = c. 15g/100ml Therefore 100ml blood can transport up to 20 ml of O2 (1.34 x 15) Remaining 3% of O2 carried in blood plasma

Impact of Smoking
Smoking reduces levels of fitness (especially aerobic)

Reduces amount of O2 available ve impact


Mainly down to Carbon Monoxide (CO) in cigarettes

amongst other things (next slide) O2 attaches to Hb in red blood cells when leaving lungs CO is c.250x more attachable to Hb than O2 As levels of CO increase in blood, O2 transport/ release greatly reduced Heart has to work much harder to supply same amount of O2 to muscles

Transport of CO2
CO2 produced in bodys tissues transported in blood in number of ways: c.8% transported in plasma Up to 20% combines with Hb to form Carbaminohaemoglobin c.70% dissolved in water as carbonic acid CO2 must be effectively removed from body if it is to perform effectively http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXOBJEXxNEo COMPLETE PART 2: WARM-UPS & COOL-DOWNS

Warm-up:
Improves O2 delivery to muscles because of increased HR & stronger contractions caused by Adrenaline

Cool-down:
Maintains cardiorespiratory functioning to help speed up recovery process

Increased venous return & SV through action of skeletal muscle pump

Keeps capillaries & other blood vessels dilated muscles can then be flushed with O2 rich blood to remove by-products (e.g. CO2 & lactic acid)
Maintains venous return mechs of skeletal & respiratory pumps prevents blood pooling in veins (can cause dizziness)

Initiates vascular shunt mech blood redistributed via vasoconstriction/dilation of arterioles & pre-capillary sphincters

Delays OBLA Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation can work harder/longer without fatigue
Increased temperature reduces blood viscosity which increases blood flow to working muscles

Health-related Considerations Role of Exercise in Maintaining Healthy/Active Lifestyle


Regular exercise leads to healthier lifestyle Can be used to prevent/control common health problems e.g. CV diseases such as: CHD/angina Atherosclerosis Stroke Hypertension
Main cause of death in Western world including c. 40% of deaths in UK COMPLETE PART 3

Coronary Heart Disease


Narrowing of coronary arteries leads to:

Angina pectoris recurring acute chest pain as heart

muscle receives less O2 Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Severe cases may require heart bypass surgery
http://www.nhs.uk/video/pages/medialibrary.aspx?Filter=&Id=%7B6b 7d7bd3-d45b-4e41-84c19f3a4a3bbd1a%7D&Tag=&Uri=video/2007/sept/Pages/CHD.aspx

Atherosclerosis
Deposition of fatty substances in arteries Degenerative disease thickening/hardening of arterial

walls due to plaque being deposited (atheroma) Diameter of blood vessel decrease (next slide) Blood clots can form on rough edges of atheroma http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRK7-DCDKEA

Stroke
Blockage of arteries supplying O2 to brain Causes O2 deprivation to brain Leads to cerebral infarction STROKE

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Introduction.aspx

Hypertension
Harder arteries from atherosclerosis = less elasticity & less able to

vasodilate/constrict Less ability to regulate BP which rises permanently HYPERTENSION Clinically defined as: BP constantly over 160 mmHg 100 Increases risk of stroke, heart attack & kidney failure

Independent & Dependent Factors


1.

Independent - Aka primary risk factors presence of any 1 can cause CV disease:
Smoking High fat diet

2.

Dependent do not necessarily cause CV disease alone but increase risk when combined with other factors
Heredity Personality/stress Lack of exercise Age/gender

Heredity & Lifestyle biggest factors

Independent Factors
Smoking Increases risk by up to 20x dependent on dosage Cessation can greatly reduce risks in few years High fat Deposits cholesterol in arteries cholesterol used by body to form cell membranes/hormones Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) & High-density Lipoproteins (HDL) LDLs transport & deposit cholesterol in arteries HDLs remove it & transport it to liver LDLs increase when saturated fat intake is high More LDLs than HDLs = increased risk of atherosclerosis

Dependent Factors
Heredity: Appears to be genetic link to CV disease (family history) Personality/stress: How person deals/copes with stress vital Type A personality impatient, aggressive & ambitious Type B opposite Type A > Type B higher risk of CV diseases Lack of exercise: People who regularly exercise at c.70% of max HR have much lower risk of CV diseases Age/gender: Older you are more likely to develop CV diseases progressive atherosclerosis over time Not confined to old age though fatty streaks start appear in teens May develop into fibrous plaque by early 20s Severe blockages may occur by early 40s Men > women more likely to develop

Role of Exercise in Healthy Lifestyle


Exercise reduces CV disease risk by c.30% mainly due to

adaptation of CV system Improves contractility of & blood supply to heart Regular vasodilation/constriction caused by exercise prevents arteries hardening & keeps them elastic This prevents atherosclerosis & hypertension Can reduce levels of fatty deposits in blood & increase proportion of HDL to LDL Reduces overall cholesterol levels Reduces body fat decreasing strain on CV system Decreases chances of adult-onset diabetes by breaking down blood glucose which in turn reduces blood sugar content Cathartic reduces stress

Recap Activity

Mind Map

Homework

Revise for test

Next Lesson
Revision test: Vascular system
Blood (function/viscosity/vessels) Double circulatory system Venous return mechanism

Blood pressure
Distribution of cardiac output at rest & exercise Vasomotor control/vascular shunt mechanism

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