Lipids: Fats & Oils

Lipids consist of two parts

1. Glycerol 2. Fatty Acids a. Saturated fatty acids b. Unsaturated fatty acids

.Monounsaturated
Figure 3 : Formation of TG

. Polyunsaturated

saturated

Saturated vs. unsaturated

unsaturated

Table 1 : Saturated fatty acids

Table 2 : Unsaturated fatty acids

Lipids are classified as simple or complex

1. Simple lipid a. Fatty acids b. neutral fats (monoglyceride, diglycerde, and triglyceride) c. waxes 2. Complex lipids a. Phospholipids

Figure 1 : Triglyceride

b. Glycolipids c. Lipoproteins 3. Derived lipids

Figure 2 : Phosphatidic acid

 Structure:

Phospholipids

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4

PO4 negatively charged

Its just like a penguin A head at one end & a tail at the other!

Omega Fatty acid

Cis- Trans Fatty acid

Function of Fat
Fat in Food

Energy Essential nutrient

. Flavor and Satisfaction

Fat in Body

. .

Adipose Tissue

Cell membrane Structure

Food Sources of Fat

. Meat Fat (bacon, sausage.) . Dairy Fats and products (cream, butter, cheese..) . Egg yolk
Plant Fat

Animal Fats

. Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated Fatty acid . Vegetable oil (saf flower, corn, soybean, cottonseed, olive oil)

Characteristics Of Food Fat Sources

Visible Fat . Butter, margarin, salad oils and dressing, shirteninig fat meat Invisible Fat . Chees, cream portion of homogenised milk, egg yolk, nuts, seeds, olives..

Digestion of lipids
1. In mouth mechanical digestion Lingual Lipase 2. In stomach mechanical digestion

Gastric lipase

3. In small intestine Bile acid, Pancreatic Lipase, Cholesterol esterase, Phospholipase

Triglycerides

1 fatty acids + Diglycerides

Triglycerides Triglycerides

2 fatty acids + Mono glycerides

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Absorption of lipids

Figure 4 : Absorption of fat.

Transportation of lipids
Table 3 Lipids are transported in the plasma as lipoproteins.
Source Chylomicrons Intestine Destination Many organs Major lipids Triglycerides, other lipids Triglycerides, Cholesterol Functions Deliver lipids of dietary origin to body cell. Deliver endogenously produced triglycerides to body cells. Deliver endogenously produced cholesterol to various organs.

VLDLs

Liver

Many organs

LDLs

Intraviscular removal of triglycerides from VLDL

Blood vessels, Liver

Cholesterol

HDLs

Liver and intestine

Liver and steroidhormoneproducing glands

Cholesterol

Remove and degrade Cholesterol.

Lipids Metabolism

. . .

Liver and Adipose tissue play a central role in lipid

metabolism.
Adipose tissue is the main store of triglyceride in the

body. Lipid metabolism either lipolysis or lipogenesis.

Fatty acids are both oxidized to acetyl CoA and synthesized from acetyl CoA.

Lipolysis

Complete hydorlysis of triglyceride yeild gelycerol

and 3 fatty acids.

. .

Fatty acids oxidiation take place in the

mitochonderia.

Fatty acids are activated before being catabolized

(oxidized).
Fatty acid + ATP + CoA Acyl CoA + AMP + PPi

Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner -Mitochinderial membrane as carnitine derivatives.

Figure 5 : Role of carnitine in the transport of long chain fatty acids.

 - oxidation pathway of fatty acids

Many tissues are capable of oxidizing fatty acids in

the mitochondria by - oxidation pathway.

The chain is broken between the (2) and (3)

carbon atoms.

Figure 6 : Overview of - oxidation pathway of fatty acids

 - oxidation of fatty acids (Figure 7)

The products of oxidation of fatty acids

Oxidation of fatty acids produces a large quantity of ATP,

.example : Palmitic acid (C:16 )

7 cycles from 7 NADH + 7 FADH2 (7 x5 = 35 ATP) 7 cycles from 8 Acetyl CoA (8 x 12 = 96 ATP) 2 ATP for the initial activation of fatty acid

( 35 +96 2 = 129 molecule of ATP)

Figure 8 : acetyl CoA product

Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids occurs by amodified - oxidation pathway (figure9)

Ketone bodies
Ketogenesis occurs when there is a high rate of fatty acid oxidation in the Liver (figure 10).
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA CoA

Aceto acetyl CoA

CoA

Acetoacetate

-hydroxy butyrate

Acetone

Lipogenesis

. The body is capable of synthesizing fatty acids in the

cytoplast of the cell from starter ( acetyl CoA + malonyl CoA).

. Malonyl CoA is formed from Acetyl CoA

Figure 11 : Biosynthesis of Malonyl CoA

Acetyl CoA transfer to the cytoplast across the mitochondrial

membrane in the form of citrate

Figure 12 : Conversion the citrate to Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA.

The enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis are arranged in a

complex called the fatty acid synthase system.

The steps in the synthesis of fatty acid ( Figure 13)

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is not an energy producing nutrient.

It is an essential structural

Figure 14 : Cholesterol

component of membrane of the outer layer of plasma lipoprotien. Bile acids and steriod hormones are formed from cholesterol. Cholesteryl ester is a storage form of cholesterol which is found

in most tissues.

Acetyl CoA is the source of all carbon atoms in cholesterol

Acetyl CoA
CoA Acetoacetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA
CoA -hydroxy- - methylglutaryl CoA HMG-CoA reductase Mevalonate Squalene

Farmesyl pyrophosphate

Cyclization

References
Brene, R., Levy, M., Koeppen, B., Stanton, B., (2004) Physiology, Fifth edition. Mosby.

Fox, S., (2004) Human Physiology, Eighth edition. Mc Graw Hill.

Hunt, S., Groff, J., (1997) Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, West Puplishing Company.

Lehninger, A., Nelson, D., Cox, M.,(1993) Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd edtion. Worth Puplishers.
Murray, R., Granner, D., Mayes, P., Rodwell, V., (1996) Hapers Biochemistry, 24th edition, Prentic-Hall International, Inc. Seeley, R., Stephens, T., Tate, P., (1992) Anatomy and Physiology,Mosby Yearbook.