Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Understand what is hydraulic Different components used in hydraulic Hydraulic symbol How to read hydraulic circuit
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
WHY HAUDRAULIC ?
Variable Speed Reversible Overload protection Small Packages Can Be Stalled Less Noisy
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
The engineering science of liquid pressure and flow. hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids
This drive section consists of cylinders or hydraulic motors, depending on the application in question The energy control section consists of the various valves used to provide control and regulate the flow rate, pressure and direction of the hydraulic fluid The power supply section contains pump and drive motor and the components for the preparation of the hydraulic fluid
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Pascal's law states that when there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container.
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
If a force F1 is applied to an area A1 of a liquid, a pressure p results. If, as in this case, the pressure acts on a larger surface A2, then a larger counter-force F2 must be maintained. If A2 is three times as large as A1, then F2 will also be three times as large as F1. Hydraulic power transmission is comparable to the mechanical law of
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Displacement transmission
If the input piston of the hydraulic press travels a distance s1, a volume of fluid will be displaced. This same volume displaces the output piston by the distance s2. If the area of this piston is larger than that of the input piston, the distance s2 will be shorter than s1. Hydraulic displacement transmission is comparable to the mechanical law of levers
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Displacement transmission
F=PXA F1 = 10 X 10 = 100
F2 = 10 X 100 = 1000
The Energy transfer here Also is 100 Kg Cm (1 Cm X 100 Kg = 100 Kg Cm) S2= 1 Cm
8
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
F
P
A
9
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Filters used to described by nominal & absolute rating in microns.A filter nominally rated as 10 microns, for example ,would trap most particle 10 microns in size or larger, The Filter absolute rating however would be somewhat heigher size ,perhaps 25 microns
13
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
14
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
With this configuration, the pump is protected from contamination. The filter is, on the other hand, less easily accessible. If these filters have a too fine mesh, suction problems and cavitation effects may occur. Additional coarse filters upstream of the pump are recommended.
15
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
With this design of cooler, hydraulic fluid is fed through tubes over which coolant (water) flows. The heat which is discharged can be re-used The operating temperature in hydraulic installations should not exceed 50 - 60C, since this would cause an unacceptable reduction in viscosity, leading to premature aging of the fluid. In comparison with air cooling, operating costs a higher due to the required coolant and the susceptibility to corrosion. Temperature difference of up to approx. 35C can be handled
WATER COOLER
16
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HEATING ELEMENT
Heaters are often required to ensure that the optimum operating temperature is reached quickly. Heating elements or flow preheaters are used for heating and pre-heating hydraulic fluid. If the viscosity is to high, the resulting increase in friction and cavitation leads to greater wear.
17
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Hydraulic pumps should convert mechanical energy (torque ,speed ) into hydraulic Energy
When choosing Pump following points must be taken in account
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Operating medium Required rang of pressure Expected range of speed Minimum & Maximum operating temperature Installation Type of drive Expected life time Maximum Level of noise Ease of servicing possible given maximum cost
19
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Gear pumps
Gear pumps (with external teeth) (fixed displacement) are simple and economical pumps. The swept volume or displacement of gear pumps for hydraulics will be between about 2 cm3 (0.002 liter) and 200 cm3 (0.2 liter). They have the lowest volumetric efficiency of all three basic pump types (gear, vane and piston pumps) These pumps create pressure through the meshing of the gear teeth, which forces fluid around the gears to pressurize the outlet side Parameter Displacement volume : 0.02 to 200 cm3 Max Pressure : Up to 300 Bar(Size Dependent) Rating Of speed : 500to 6000 RPM
20
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Parameter
Displacement Volume : 3 to 250Cm 3 Operating Pressure: Up to 300 bar Rating Of Speed : 500 to 3000 RPM
21
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Rotary vane pumps Rotary vane pumps (fixed and simple adjustable displacement) have higher efficiencies than gear pumps, but are also used for mid pressures up to 180 bars in general. Modern units can exceed 300 bars in continuous operation, although vane pumps are not regarded as "high pressure" The simplest vane pump is a circular rotor rotating inside of a larger circular cavity. The centers of these two circles are offset, causing eccentricity. Vanes are allowed to slide into and out of the rotor and seal on all edges, creating vane chambers that do the pumping work. On the intake side of the pump, the vane chambers are increasing in volume. These increasing volume vane chambers are filled with fluid forced in by the inlet pressure. Inlet pressure is actually the pressure from the system being pumped, often just the atmosphere. On the discharge side of the pump, the vane chambers are decreasing in volume, forcing
22
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Screw pumps Screw pumps (fixed displacement) are a double Archimedes' screw, but closed. This means that two screws are used in one body. The pumps are used for high flows and relatively low pressure (max 100 bar). They were used on board ships where the constant pressure hydraulic system was going through the whole ship, especially for the control of ball valves, but also for the steering gear and help drive systems. The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these pumps; the efficiency is not that high. The major problem of screw pumps is the hydraulic reaction forces which is transmitted axially opposed to the flow direction,
23
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Piston Pump
All Piston pump operate on principle of that a piston reciprocating in abore will drae fluid in as it is retracted & expel it as it moves forward Two basic design is available
1. 2.
A radial piston pump piston arrange radially in cylinder block Axial Piston pump piston in axial units are parallel to each other & to axis of the cylinder
Piston pumps are highly efficient unit ,available in a wide range of capacities .They are capable of operating medium to high pressure range (1500-3000 psi)
Axial piston pump may be further divided in to inline(swash plate) & bent axis type
24
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
The outer ring for bracing of the pumping pistons is in eccentric position to the hollow shaft in the center. This eccentricity determines the stroke of the pumping piston. The piston starts in the inner dead center (IDC) with suction process. After a rotation angle of 180 it is finished and the workspace of the piston is filled with the to moved medium. The piston is now in the outer dead center (ODC). From Animation this point on the piston displaces the previously sucked medium in the pressure 25 channel of the pump.
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Return
26
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Axial piston pump
An axial piston pump has a number of pistons (usually an odd number) arranged in a circular array within a housing which is commonly referred to as a cylinder block, rotor or barrel. This cylinder block is driven to rotate about its axis of symmetry by an integral shaft that is, more or less, aligned with the pumping pistons (usually parallel but not necessarily).
27
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Axial piston pumps using the swashplate principle
Like radial piston pump ,the displacement of axial piston pump s is determine by the size & number of piston ,as well as stroke length In variable displacement model s of the inline pump ,the swash plate is installed in movable yoke Pivoting the yoke on pintled change the swash plate angle to increase or decrease the piston stroke The yoke can be positioned by any several means ,including manual control, pressure& load sensing & pressure limiter control compensator control Maximum angle on this unit is limited by construction to 17.5 degrees
Fix displacement
Variable displacement
28
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
This pump has pistons in a stationary block, and a rotating wobble plate. There might be 4, 5, or more pistons (usually an odd number are used) -- only two shown here. Each piston has a valve within it and another valve behind it. Fluid comes in on the wobble plate side (on the bottom left in this drawing) and exits under pressure in the back (on the right here). The pistons are pushed against the wobble plate with large springs. A pair of smaller springs force the valves (small metal balls) closed. The spring inside the piston is fairly weak, since only suction is used to force it open. This type of pump can develop incredible pressure -- 10,000 P.S.I. or more. It is commonly used for low-volume applications. ergency fuel pumps on some early aircraft
29
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
PUMP
Bent Axis Pump.
Bent axis piston pumps have a rotating cylinder containing parallel pistons arranged radially around the cylinder centre line. The cylinder is driven by an shaft which is arranged at an angle to the cylinder axis. the shaft includes a flange with a mechanical connection to each piston. As the shaft rotates the pistons are made to reciprocate over a stroke based on the relative angle of the shaft and cylinder.
The displacement of this pump varies between 0 to 30 degree .Fix displacement model are usually availabe eith 23 to 30 degrees .In variable displacement ,yoke with externally control is used to change the angle ,with some control
30
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
A hydraulic motor is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure and flow into torque and angular displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of the hydraulic cylinder. Conceptually, a hydraulic motor should be interchangeable with a hydraulic pump because it performs the opposite function
It has to be part of a hydraulic circuit that incorporates a hydraulic pump along with other hydraulic gadgetry such as valves, filters, high-pressure hoses, metal tubing, hydraulic fluid reservoir etc.
The pump draws hydraulic fluid from the reservoir and supplies it under pressure to the hydraulic motor linked mechanically to the workload. The pump receives mechanical power for its operation through a prime mover that is either an internal combustion engine or an electric motor.
Where electric motors, which can deliver only rotational power and must be sized to suit the load application, hydraulic motors are much smaller in size even when the application involves heavy loads. In a heavy electromechanical system a big electric motor needs to be directly located on the motion axis which may not be always feasible
For the same application, a relatively small hydraulic motor can be placed with ease and connected to a pump located remotely within the system through an arrangement of high-pressure flexible hoses that can be conveniently routed even through disadvantageous twists and bends.
32
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Oil pipeline inspection equipment Undersea camera manipulation Jumbo jet maintenance jacks Milling and sawing applications Dynamite blast hole pump drive Automatic clamping Textile washing agitators Orange peeling machines Fan drives Diamond wheel dresser Drill and tap machine tool Chicken processing machinery Conveyor drives Electric motor coil winding
33
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Hydraulic motors delivering rotary power are mainly of two types and are classified on torque and rotational speed. One is referred to as HSLT or High Speed Low Torque and the other as LSHT or Low Speed High Torque motor.
The LSHT motor can have a speed range from 0.1 to 1000 revolutions per minute whereas HSLT motor speeds can range from 1000 to 5000 revolutions per minute.
The size advantage can be gauged from the fact that the size of a 5hp hydraulic motor will be roughly that of a 350ml beer can. In addition, there would be very low level noise and vibration generation and much higher efficiency. HSLT and LSHT.
Gear
2
3
Vane
Piston Radial Axial
34
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
35
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
36
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
39
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Seal Barrel
Piston
Piston rod 41
CYLINDER CUSHIONING
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Cushioning of some sort normally is required to decelerate a cylinder's piston before it strikes the end cap. Reducing the piston velocity as it approaches the end cap lowers the stresses on cylinder components and reduces vibration transmitted to
42
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
and the head. This area is called the rod gland. It often has another seal called a rod wiper which
43
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Telescoping Cylinders
Telescopic cylinders are also known as multistage hydraulic cylinders. These cylinders have at the most six stages. These are specially used in applications where there is less area. Telescopic cylinders can either be single action or double action. The stroke of these cylinders is long and is used in applications such as cranes and forklifts, etc.
Cable Cylinders
The cable cylinders can either be hydraulic or pneumatic powered cylinders that are of the double acting type. These cylinders have long strokes and produce moderate force. The cable cylinders can be operated in limited space.
Diaphragm Cylinders
Diaphragm cylinders are of two types i.e. flat diaphragm and rolling diaphragm. These cylinders have zero leak around the piston.
44
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Double Acting Cylinders In the double acting cylinders, the pressure from the fluid is applied in both the directions. Single cylinders that consist of springs are not used in large stroke applications because there are inherent mechanical problems associated with the spring. The double acting rods could be of two types:
Single rod ended Double rod ended
45
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
46
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
47
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
This illustration shows the circuit symbols for 4/2- and 5/2-way valves.
There are two general methods for the designation of ports, using either the letters P, T, R, A, B and L or consecutively using A, B, C, D etc.; the first method is the preferred one in the relevant standard
48
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
49
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
50
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
This illustration shows the symbols for stem or push button, spring and roller stem
51
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Pressure valves are represented using squares. The flow direction is indicated by an arrow. The valve ports can be designated as P (supply port) and T (tank return port) or as A and B. The position of the arrow within the square indicates whether the valve is normally open or normally closed. Adjustable pressure valves are indicated by a diagonal arrow through the spring. Pressure valves are divided into pressure relief valves and pressure regulators.
52
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
53
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
54
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
A distinction is made in flow control valves between types which are affected by viscosity and those which are unaffected. Flow control valves unaffected by viscosity are termed orifices. A 2way flow control valve consists of restrictors, one adjustable restrictor which is unaffected by viscosity (orifice) and a regulating restrictor (pressure compensator). These valves are represented by a rectangle containing the symbol for the adjustable restrictor and an arrow to represent the pressure compensator. The diagonal arrow through the rectangle indicates that the valve is adjustable.
55
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
56
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
57
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
ACCUMLATOR
A hydraulic accumulator is a pressure storage reservoir in which a noncompressible hydraulic fluid is held under pressure by an external source. The external source can be a spring, a raised weight, or a compressed gas. An accumulator enables a hydraulic system to cope with extremes of demand using a less powerful pump, to respond more quickly to a temporary demand, and to smooth out pulsations. It is a type of energy storage device.
Compressed gas accumulators, also called hydro-pneumatic accumulators, are by far the most common type.
58
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
TYPES OF ACCUMULATORS
Towers Raised weight Compressed gas (or gas-charged) closed accumulator Compressed gas open accumulator Spring type Metal bellows type
59
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
60
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
61
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
ADVANTAGES : High compression ratio up to 10:1 Higher flow rate than bladder type .LIMITATIONS : They are more susceptible to fluid contamination Lower response time than the bladder and
62
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
63
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
It uses the energy stored in springs to create a constant force on the liquid contained in an adjacent ram assembly. The load characteristics of a spring are such that the energy storage depends on the force required to compress s spring. The free (uncompressed) length of a spring represents zero energy storage. As a spring is compressed to the maximum installed length, high pressure value of the liquid in a ram assembly is established. As liquid under pressure enters the ram cylinder, causing a spring to compress, the pressure on the liquid will rise because of the increased loading required to compress the
64
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
FUNCTIONS OF ACCUMULATOR
Emergency and safety: An accumulator which is kept constantly under pressure is valuable in the event of an electrical power failure as it can provide flow and pressure to perform an additional function or complete a machine cycle. Shock or pulsation dampening: An accumulator can be used to cushion the pressure spike from sudden valve closure, the pulsation from pumps or the load reaction from sudden movement of parts connected to hydraulic cylinders. Leakage compensation: An accumulator can be used to maintain pressure and make-up for lost fluid due to internal leakage of system components including cylinders and valves. Thermal expansion: An accumulator can absorb the pressure differences caused by temperature variations in a closed hydraulic system. Noise reduction: An accumulator is effective at reducing hydraulic system noise caused by relief valves, pump pulsations, system shock and other circuit generated noises.
65
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
ACCUMLATOR SYMBOL
66
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
67
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDRAULIC HOSE
Hydraulic tubes are seamless steel precision pipes, specially manufactured for hydraulics. The tubes have standard sizes for different pressure ranges, with standard diameters up to 100 mm. The tubes are supplied by manufacturers in lengths of 6 m, cleaned, oiled and plugged. The tubes are interconnected by different types of flanges (especially for the larger sizes and pressures), welding cones/nipples (with o-ring seal), several types of flare connection and by cut-rings. In larger sizes, hydraulic pipes are used. Direct joining of tubes by welding is not acceptable since the interior cannot be inspected. Hydraulic pipe is used in case standard hydraulic tubes are not available. Generally these are used for low pressure. They can be connected by threaded connections, but usually by welds. Because of the larger diameters the pipe can usually be inspected internally after welding. Black pipe is non-galvanized and suitable for welding. Hydraulic hose is graded by pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility. Hoses are used when pipes or tubes can not be used, usually to provide flexibility for machine operation or maintenance. The hose is built up with rubber and steel layers. A rubber interior is surrounded by multiple layers of woven wire and rubber. The exterior is designed for abrasion resistance. The bend radius of hydraulic hose is carefully designed into the machine, since hose failures can be deadly, and violating the hose's minimum bend radius will cause failure. Hydraulic hoses generally have steel fittings swaged on the ends. The weakest part of the high pressure hose is the connection of the hose to the fitting. Another disadvantage of hoses is the shorter life of rubber which requires periodic replacement, usually at five to seven year intervals. Tubes and pipes for hydraulic applications are internally oiled before the system is commissioned. Usually steel piping is painted outside. Where flare and other couplings are used, the paint is removed under the nut, and is a location where corrosion can begin. For this reason, in marine applications most piping is stainless steel.
68
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R1 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. Type A consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, a single wire braid reinforcement, and an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube or over the wire reinforcement (or both) to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire. Type AT has the same construction as Type A, except AT has a cover designed to assemble with fittings that do not require removal of the cover or any portion of it.
SAE 100R2 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. It consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, steel-wire reinforcement according to hose type, as detailed below, and an oiland weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire. Type A has two braids of wire reinforcement Type B has two spiral plies and one braid of reinforcement Type AT is the same as Type A, but AT has a cover designed to assemble with fittings that do not require removal of the cover or any portion of it. Type BT is the same as Type B, but BT has a cover designed to assemble with fittings that do not require removal of the cover or any portion of it.
69
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R3 hose should be used with petroleumand water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. It is constructed with an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, two braids of suitable textile yarn, and an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover.
SAE 100R4 hose should be used in low pressure and vacuum applications, with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. It is constructed with an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, a reinforcement consisting of a ply, or plies, of woven or braided textile fibers with a suitable spiral of body wire, and an oil- and weatherresistant synthetic rubber cover.
70
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R5 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. It is constructed with an inner tube of oilresistant synthetic rubber reinforced with two textile braids separated by a high-tensilestrength steel-wire braid. All of the braids are impregnated with an oil- and mildewresistant synthetic rubber compound.
SAE 100R6 hose (above) should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. It consists of an inner tube of oilresistant synthetic rubber, one braided ply of suitable textile yarn, and an oil- and weatherresistant synthetic rubber cover.
71
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R7 thermoplastic hose (above) should be used for synthetic, petroleum-, and water-based hydraulic fluids in a temperature range from140 to 93 C. It consists of a thermoplastic inner tube resistant to hydraulic fluids with suitable synthetic-fiber reinforcement and a hydraulic fluid- and weather-resistant thermoplastic cover. Nonconductive 100R7 is identified with an orange cover and appropriate lay line. Its pressure capacity is similar to that of 100R1.
SAE 100R8 hose is high-pressure thermoplastic hose that should be used with synthetic, petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from140 to 93 C. It consists of a thermoplastic inner tube resistant to hydraulic fluids with suitable synthetic-fiber reinforcement and a hydraulic fluid- and weather-resistant thermoplastic cover. Nonconductive 100R8 is identified with an orange cover and appropriate lay line. Its pressure capacity is similar to that of
72
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
SAE 100R9 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from 140 to 100 C. Type A consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, four spiral plies of wire wrapped in alternating directions, and an oil- and weatherresistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire. Type AT has the same construction as Type A, but AT has a cover designed to assemble with fittings that do not require removal of the cover or any portion of it.
SAE 100R10 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. Type A consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, four spiral plies of heavy wire wrapped in alternating directions, and an oil- and weatherresistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire. Type AT has the same construction as Type A, but AT's cover is designed to assemble with fittings that do not require removal of the cover or any portion
73
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R11 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from 140 to 100 C. It consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, six spiral plies of heavy wire wrapped in alternating directions, and an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire.
SAE 100R12 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from 140 to 121 C. It consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, four spiral plies of heavy wire wrapped in alternating directions, and an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire.
74
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R13 hose should be used with petroleumand water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from 140 to 121 C. It is constructed with an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, followed by multiple spiral plies of heavy wire wrapped in alternating directions, and concluding with an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire.
SAE 100R14 hose should be used with petroleum-, synthetic-, and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from 154 to 204 C. Type A consists of an inner tube of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) reinforced with a single braid of type 303XX stainless steel. Type B has the same construction as Type A, but B has the additional feature of an electricallyconductive inner surface to prevent buildup of an
75
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDEAULLIC HOSE
SAE 100R15 hose should be used with petroleumbased hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from 140 to 121 C. It consists of an inner tube of oilresistant synthetic rubber, multiple spiral plies of heavy wire wrapped in alternating directions, and an oil- and weather-resistant rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over or within the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire.
SAE 100R16 hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from140 to 100 C. It consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, steel wire reinforcement of one or two braids, and an oil-and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire.
76
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
HYDRAULIC FLUID
Hydraulic fluids, also called hydraulic liquids, are the medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water.Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids include excavators and backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power steering systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts, and industrial machinery. Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has low compressibility.
77
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Low compressibility (high bulk modulus) Fast air release Low foaming tendency Low volatility
Medium for heat transfer 1. Good thermal capacity and conductivity Lubricant Viscosity for film maintenance Low temperature fluidity Thermal and oxidative stability Hydrolytic stability / water tolerance Cleanliness and filterability Demulsibility Antiwear characteristics Corrosion control
78
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
2.
Special function Fire resistance Friction modifications Radiation resistance Environmental impact
79
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of a hydraulic fluid's resistance to flow. It is a hydraulic fluid's most important characteristic and has a significant impact on the operation of the system. When a hydraulic oil is too thin (low viscosity), it does not seal sufficiently. This leads to leakage and wear of parts. When a hydraulic oil is too thick (high viscosity), the fluid will be more difficult to pump through the system and may reduce operating efficiency. All hydraulic fluids must be able to retain optimum viscosity during operation in cold or hot temperatures, in order to consistently and effectively transmit power. . Compressibility Compressibility is a measure of the amount of volume reduction due to pressure. Although hydraulic oils are basically incompressible, slight volume reductions can occur under certain pressure ranges. Compressibility increases with pressure and temperature and has significant effects on high-pressure fluid systems. It causes servo failure, efficiency loss, and cavitation; therefore, it is important for a hydraulic oil to have low compressibility.
80
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Wear Resistance
Wear resistance is a hydraulic fluid's ability to reduce the wear rate in frictional boundary contacts. Antiwear hydraulic fluids contain antiwear components that can form a protective film on metal surfaces to prevent abrasion, scuffing, and contact fatigue. Antiwear additives enhance lubricant performance and extend equipment life.
Oxidation Stability Oxidation stability is a hydraulic oil's resistance to heat-induced degradation caused by a chemical reaction with oxygen. Hydraulic oils must contain additives that counteract the process of oxidation, improve the stability and extend the life of the fluid. Without these additives, the quality of the hydraulic oil will deteriorate quickly.
81
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Thermal Stability
Thermal stability is the ability to resist breakdown at elevated temperatures. Antiwear additives naturally degrade over time and this process can be accelerated at higher temperatures. The result of poor thermal stability is the formation of sludge and varnish which can clog filters, minimize flow and increase downtime. In addition, as these antiwear agents decompose at high temperatures, acids are formed which attack bronze and yellow metals in piston pumps and other hydraulic system components. Hydraulic oils can be formulated with very high levels of thermal stability to minimize these issues and help extend the life of the hydraulic fluid and the components of the hydraulic system.
Filterability
Water can react with additives in hydraulic fluids forming oil insoluble material. These contaminants can precipitate from the lubricant and block filters, valves and other components resulting in decreased oil flow or the system going on bypass. Blockage can eventually result in unplanned downtime. Hydraulic fluids are designed to be filtered with modern filtration systems without fear of the additive being depleted or removed from the system. This enables systems to stay clean without sacrificing critical performance requirements such as antiwear, rust protection or foam inhibition.
82
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Foam Resistance
Foam results from air or other gases becoming entrained in the hydraulic fluid. Air enters a hydraulic system through the reservoir or through air leaks within the system. A hydraulic fluid under high pressure can contain a large volume of dissolved or dispersed air bubbles. When this fluid is depressurized, the air bubbles expand and produce foam. Because of its compressibility and poor lubricating properties, foam can seriously affect the operation and lubrication of machinery. Proper foam inhibitors modify the surface tension on air bubbles so they more easily break up.
83
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Demulsibility
Water that enters a hydraulic system can mix or emulsify with the hydraulic oil. If this 'wet' fluid is circulated through the system, it can promote rust and corrosion. Highly refined mineral oils permit water to separate or demulsify quickly. However, some of the additives used in hydraulic oils promote emulsion formation, preventing the water from separating and settling out of the fluid. Demulsifier additives are incorporated to promote water separation from hydraulic fluids.
Hydrolytic Stability When hydraulic fluids come into contact with water, the water can interact with the additive system of the hydraulic oil resulting in the formation of acids. Hydraulic fluids that lack hydrolytic stability hydrolyze in the presence of water to form oil insoluble inorganic salts that can block filters and valves inhibiting oil flow. This can result in hydraulic system failure. Properly formulated hydraulic fluids are designed to contain additives that are resistant to interactions with water, helping to extend the life of the equipment.
84
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Seal Compatibility
Leaking hydraulic fluids can cause many issues from simple housekeeping problems to more serious safety concerns and lubrication failures. Most hydraulics systems utilize rubber seals and other elastomers to minimize or prevent hydraulic oil leakage. Exposure of the elastomer to the lubricant under high temperature conditions can cause the rubber seals to harden, crack and eventually leak. On the other hand, hydraulic oil exposure can seals to swell excessively preventing hydraulic valves and pistons from moving freely. Hydraulic oils are tested against a variety of seal materials to ensure that the hydraulic fluid will be compatible with seals under various conditions.
85
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
86
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
87
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
88
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
A regeneration circuit can double the extension speed of a singlerod cylinder without using a larger pump. This means that regeneration circuits save money because a smaller pump, motor, and tank can produce the desired cycle time. It also means that the circuit costs less to operate over the life of the machine.
89
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
90
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
91
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
2)When punching operation begins, increased pressure opens unloading valve to unload low pressure pump.
92
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
93
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
94
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Pump pressure should overcome load acting on both cylinders. P1Ap1- P2(Ap1-Ar1) = F1 P2Ap2- P3(Ap2-Ar2) = F2
95
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
Designed to protect an operator from injury. For circuit to function, operator must depress both manually actuated valves. Any one button prevents operation.
97
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
98
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
99
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
CYLINDER CUSHIONING
100
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
101
Basic Hydraulic
3/28/2014 8:07:20 AM
102