Chapter 2

VIRUSES

Introduction
Not plants, animals, or bacteria; parasites that live in a host. Not living organisms. Without host, virus dead. The use host to generate energ . !lassi"ied b the organisms the in"ect. #irus cannot penetrate plant cell $all, so it transmitted b insect or other organisms that "eed on plants.

WHAT IS A VIRUS?
Viruses may be defined as a cellular organisms whose genomes consist of nucleic acid, and which obligately replicate inside host cells using host metabolic machinery to different extents, to form a pool of components which assemble into particles called virions.

F Viruses cannot be grown on sterile media, but require the presence of specific host cells.

%undamentall then, a virus is&

' pac(age o" genetic in"ormation protected b a protein shell "or deliver into a host cell to be e)pressed and replicated

A virus differs from a cell in three fundamental ways:

i A virus usually has only a single type of nucleic acid serving as its genetic material. This can be single or double stranded DNA or RNA; ii Viruses contain no enzymes of energy metabolism, thus cannot make ATP; iii Viruses do not encode sufficient enzymatic machinery to synthesize their component macromolecules, specifically, no protein synthesis machinery.

Structure of the virus

DNA or RNA + Capsid protein Icosahedral Naked capsid virus

Nucleocapsid

Helical Naked capsid

' virus contain nucleic acid, either +N' or ,N' -but not both., and a protein coat -capsid.; some enclosed b an envelope o" "at or protein.

Structure of the virus

Enveloped Matrix Lipid

Glycoprotein

Nucleocapsid

Lipid mem rane! "l#coproteins

Enveloped virus

0an t pes o" protein have a gl coprotein surrounding the nucleocapsid.

#4,'5 ,67,8+9!T48N
2 T pes & l tic and l sogenic. 5 tic& virus ta(e over cell and produce ne$ virus. The host cell then l sis releasing ne$ virus to in"ect other cells. 5 sogenic& virus : bacteria chromosome as prophage. ; bacteriophage.

5 tic viral reproduction

There are 3 steps& a. 'ttachment and penetration b. ,eplication or s nthesis o" viral component c. 'ssembl and phage maturation

'ttachment

1. 7hage bind to host cell through protein. 2. #iral en< me punch a hole = +N' in>ected o the host cell. 3. 4n case o" bacteria, the protein remain outside.

,eplication

1. ?enome ta(e@over the metabolism o" the host, converting to its o$n ends. 2. #iral nucleic acid is transcribed and translate. 3. #iral protein and en< me produce ne$ virus.

'ssembl and 7hage 0aturation

1. #arious viral component accumulate and complete to ne$ phage/virus. 2. 6n< me produce "rom virus cause the cell to burst, release a crop o" ne$ viruses to environment.

5 sogenic viral reproduction

5 sogenic& virus : bacteria chromosome as prophage. ; bacteriophage.

Aacteriophage virus

,6T,8#4,9B
Btill other viruses invade animal cells and replicate $ithout (illing the host cell immediatel . Ne$ viruses are released b budding o"" the host cellCs plasma membrane, turning the host cell "or a time into a viral "actor . The human immunode"icienc virus -D4#., a retrovirus associated $ith '4+B, replicates in this $a .

,6T,8#4,9B
,etroviruses are ,N' viruses that uses en$#me reverse transcriptase to produce a +N' intermediate. 8nce inside the host cell, reverse transcription -ma(ing +N' "rom ,N'. is accomplished b the reverse transcriptase, turning the single@stranded ,N' into +N'. This ne$ +N' is incorporated into the host +N', $here it transcribes ne$ viral ,N' genomes, as $ell as the ,N' to s nthesi<e ne$ reverse transcriptase and protein capsules.

RE%R&Virus replication

Virus "ro'th

VIRUSES (N) )ISE(SES

#iruses cause a variet o" diseases. #iral diseases include the "lu, common cold, herpes, measles, chic(en po), small po), and encephalitis. 0an di""erent viruses in"ect humans and other animals. 'ntibiotics are not e""ective against viruses. #accination o""ers protection "or unin"ected individuals. #iruses are usuall Euite speci"ic.

VIRUSES (N) )ISE(SES

#iral diseases can be spread bet$een plants b insects such as aphids and lea"hoppers as the insects "eed on plant tissues. B mptoms o" viral in"ection include reduced plant si<e, and spots, strea(s, or mottled patterns on leaves. 4n"ected crops produce lo$er ield and there is no cures "or most viral diseases and normall in"ected plants are destro ed b burning.

VIRoid (N) prions

Viroids are even more simpler than viruses. The are small, circular, single@stranded molecules o" infectious RN( lac(ing even a protein coat. #iroids use higher plants such as potatoes, tomatoes and cucumbers to reproduce, inserting themselves into the nucleus o" a plant cell to be replicated there. #iroids are usuall transmitted b seed or pollen. Bo "ar no human viroids have been discovered, but it is considered a real possibilit that the e)ist.

VIRoid (N) prions

*rions are infectious protein particles+ 4t is thought to be responsible "or some neurological diseases such as a group o" transmissible and/or inherited neurodegenerative diseases including Creut$feldt,-ako disease, kuru, and .erstmann,Straussler, s#ndrome in humans as $ell as scrapie in sheep and goats. Furu in"ects its victims $hen the eat the brain tissue o" the victims. The mad co' disease that $as "irst detected in 6ngland and parts o" 6urope a "e$ ears ago is in "act a ne$ prion disease and it has caused the use o" bee" in Aritain to "all precipitousl .

( H#pothesis on propa"ation process of prion

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