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distributed resources.
A resource is an entity that is to be shared
Definition
Foster and Kesselman, 1998
A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, and inexpensive access to high-end computational facilities.
2.
3.
Grid Architecture
computer. Globally distributed data and resources. Following table shows under utilized Infrastructure:
IT Resource Windows Servers UNIX Servers Average Daytime Utilization <5% 15 20%
Desktops
<5%
Values
Developed strong roots in the global academic and research communities over the last decade
Integrating large scale computing facility and resources.
Values
Grid Computing for business enterprises Accelerating product development.
Reducing infrastructure and operational costs. Leveraging existing technology investments. Increasing corporate productivity. Strongest low cost but high throughput solution that allows companies to optimize and leverage existing IT
Grid Computing Value Element #1: Leveraging Existing Hardware Investments and Resources
There is a tremendous amount of unused capacity
in IT infrastructure at a typical enterprise. Grids can be deployed on an existing infrastructure. Costs savings are not limited to hardware and software expenditure.
geographical boundaries uniformly increases the level of computational capacity across the whole academic or enterprise.
Grid Computing Value Element #3: Creating a Scalable and Flexible Enterprise IT Infrastructure
Traditionally, IT managers have been forced
into making large-step function increases in spending to accommodate slight increases in infrastructure requirements. Grid Computing allows companies to add resources linearly based on real-time business requirements. These resources can be derived from within the enterprise or from utility computing services.
Grid Computing Value Element #3: Creating a Scalable and Flexible Enterprise IT Infrastructure
While departments will be making their
resources accessible to the whole enterprise, Grid Computing still allows them to maintain local control.
Grid Computing Value Element #4: Accelerating Product Development, Improving Time to Market, and Raising Customer Satisfaction
Grid Computing has a direct impact accelerating product development at enterprises and helping bring
product to market quicker. for example, simulation times can get products completed quickly. This also provides the capability to perform a lot more detailed product design.
E.g.
Risk Analysis
In this section we will evaluate the key risk
factors,
That usually plague technology deployments
of
Grid
supporting the Grid Computing standards activities at the Global Grid Forum.
will be driven by the utilizing software development toolkits. Another way to mitigate switching costs is to introduce new grid software in the enterprise to support new grid-enabled applications, while letting the existing software deployment and its integration with legacy grid software remain unchanged.
assessment. One way to mitigate the risk of project failure is to take advantage of hosted pilot and professional services offered by grid software vendors. Hosted pilots are conducted solely on the vendors data centers and have no impact on the operations of the company.
research community that were focused on distributed computing. One key area was developing tools that would allow distributed high performance computing systems to act like one large computer. 1995: The IEEE/ACM Super Computing conference in San Diego 11 high speed networks were used to connect 17 sites with high-end computing resources for a demonstration to create one super metacomputer. This demonstration was called I-Way and was led by Ian Foster.
- 80 sites worldwide running software based on the Globus Toolkit were connected together.
- was launched to harness the idle computers worldwide to solve problems of scientific interest.
2000: articles on Grid Computing moved from the trade
corporations such as IBM, Sun and Intel are using for business
Information Services
Manufacturing Worldwide web
EDS
Alcoa Newsky, Amazon
Cluster Computing
Cluster computing has been around since 1994.
Cluster Architecture
server.
Models: - centralized model, such as the one used by Napster. - decentralized model, like the one used by Gnutella.
Internet computing
It utilizes the vast processing cycles available at users desktops.
In this type of computing tasks can be broken down into smaller subtasks and distributed over the Internet for processing. Desktop clients periodically communicates with the central server to receive tasks.
The central server aggregates the information
received from all the different desktops and compiles the results.
Grid Computing
Grid computing
tries to bring, under one definitional umbrella all the work being done in the high performance, cluster, peer-to-peer, and Internet computing arenas.
follows:
The flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources. The ability to form virtual, collaborative organizations that share applications and data in an open heterogeneous server environment in order to work on common problems. The Web provides us informationthe grid allows us to process it.
Resource Characterization.
Resource Allocation. Resource Management. Accounting/Billing/Service Level Agreement (SLA). Security.
To overcome the systems problem, a set of protocols and mechanisms need to be defined that
address the security and policy concerns of the resource owners and users. A set of grid applications programming interfaces (APIs) and software development toolkits (SDKs) need to be defined. They provide interfaces to the grid protocols and services as well as facilitate application development by supplying higher-level abstraction.
The Connectivity Layer Defines core protocols required for grid-specific network transactions. Utilizes the existing Internet protocols such as IP, Domain Name Service, various routing protocols.
- resources are located in different administrative domains. - each resource potential having its own policies and procedures. - there are different requirements by users, resource owners, and developers.
The users expectations are that a secure grid system will be easy to use, provide single sign-on capability, allow for delegation, and support all key applications.
The resource owners require that security should
specify local access control, have robust and detailed auditing and accounting, and should be able to integrate with local security infrastructure.
Secure Socket Layer/ Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) and X.509. Following diagram shows the Grid Security Infrastructure in action. The request submitted is as follows: Create processes at A and B that Communicate & Access Files at C.
resources. Resource Specification Language (RSL): a common notation for exchange of information between applications, resource brokers, and local resource managers. RSL provides two types of information: Resource requirements: machine type, number of nodes, memory, etc. Job configuration: directory, executable, arguments, environment
GRAM
GRAM protocol is a simple, HTTP-based remote procedure call (RPC). It sends messages such as job request, job cancel, status, and signal. Event notifications for state changes include pending, active, done, failed, or suspended.
globe.
Key requirement for data-intensive grids is high-speed and
and dynamic information regarding a grids various components, that includes the type and state of available resources.
resource.
Grid Index Information Service (GIIS):
GIIS provides a collection of information that has been
Types of Grids
Departmental Grids: Departmental grids are deployed to solve problems for a particular group of people within
an enterprise.
Enterprise Grids: Enterprise grids consist of resources
spread across an enterprise and provide service to all users within that enterprise.
Extraprise Grids: Extraprise grids are established between companies, their partners, and their customers.
processing of, data are called data grids. They are optimized for data-oriented operations.
Utility Grids: utility grids as being commercial compute
Conclusion
Grid Computing enables virtual organizations, to
share geographically distributed resources. Resources can be supercomputers, clusters, desktop storage systems, sensors, scientific instruments, etc. Grid Computing is not a new concept. It leverages knowledge acquired by high performance computing, cluster computing, peer to peering, and Internet computing communities. Grid Computing protocols are based on protocols developed and refined by the Internet community. Existing protocols have been extended to provide grid specific functionality.