BY ABHISHEK PATTNAIK 1CR08EC002 ECE VIII A CMRIT

INTRODUCTION
A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input/output relationships . In the broader sense, a neural network is a collection of mathematical models that emulate some of the observed properties of biological nervous systems and draw on the analogies of adaptive biological learning. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements that are analogous to neurons and are tied together with weighted connections that are analogous to synapses.

Graphical representation of MLP

RESEMBLENCE WITH BRAIN

The brain is principally composed of about 10 billion neurons , each connected to about 10,000 other neurons. Each neuron receives electrochemical inputs from other neurons at the dendrites. Each neuron receives electrochemical inputs from other neurons at the dendrites. If the sum of these electrical inputs is sufficiently powerful to activate the neuron, it transmits an electrochemical signal along the axon, and passes this signal to the other neurons whose dendrites are attached at any of the axon terminals. These attached neurons may then fire.

Neuron of a brain

Neuron of an artificial neural network

Neural networks resemble the human brain in thefollowing ways: A neural network acquires knowledge through learning. A neural network's knowledge is stored within inter-neuron connection strengths known as synaptic weights. Neural networks modify own topology just as neurons in the brain can die and new synaptic connections grow.

STRUCTURE OF NEURAL NETWORK

According to Frank Rosenblatts theory in 1958 ,the basic element of a neural network is the perceptron, which in turn has 5 basic elements: an n-vector input, weights, summing function, threshold device, and an output. Outputs are in the form of -1 and/or +1. The threshold has a setting which governs the output based on the summation of input vectors. If the summation falls below the threshold setting, a -1 is the output. If the summation exceeds the threshold setting, +1 is the output. The figure drawn below gives the structure of a basic perceptron which is also called artificial neuron.

Artificial Neuron ( Perceptron)

 A more technical investigation of a single neuron perceptron shows that it can have an input vector X of N dimensions (as illustrated in figure). These inputs go through a vector W of Weights of N dimension. Processed by the Summation Node, "a" is generated where "a" is the "dot product" of vectors X and W plus a Bias. "A" is then processed through an activation function which compares the value of "a" to a predefined Threshold. If "a" is below the Threshold, the perceptron will not fire. If it is above the Threshold, the perceptron will fire one pulse whose amplitude is predefined.
Mathematical model of a perceptron

ARCHITECTURE OF NEURAL NETWORK

Feed-forward networks Feed-back networks Network layers

A three layer network with multiple neurons per layer

FACE RECOGNITION
Biometrics: Finger-scan
Facial Recognition Iris-scan Retina-scan Hand-scan

 capture: a physical or behavioural sample is captured by the system during enrollment and also in identification or verification process. Extraction: unique data is extracted from the sample and a template is created. Comparison: the template is then compared with a new sample. Match/non match : the system decides if the features extracted from the new sample are a match or a non match.

CAPTURING OF IMAGE BY STANDARD VIDEO CAMERAS

COMPONENTS OF FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

PERFORMANCE
False Acceptance Rate (FAR) False Rejection Rates (FRR) Response Time Threshold/ Decision Threshold Enrollment Time Equal Error Rate

IMPLEMENTATION OF FACE RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY

Data acquisition Input processing Face image classification Decision making

Input processing

Face image classification and decision making

HOW FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS WORK

Example: Visionics, company based in a New Jersey is one of the many developers of facial recognition technology. The twist to its particular software, Face it is that it can pick someone's face from the rest of the scene and compare it to a database full of stored images . In order for this software to work, it has to know what a basic face looks like. Facial recognition software is based on the ability to first recognize faces, which is a technological feat in itself and then measure the various features of each face. There are about 80 nodal points on a human face. Few are Distance between the eyes , Width of the nose, Cheekbones.etc. These nodal points are measured to create a numerical code, a string of numbers that represents a face in the database. This code is called face print. Only 14 to 22 nodal points are needed for facial software to complete the recognition process.

THE SOFTWARE
Detection Alignment Normalization Representation Matching

. MATCHING OF FACES

 ADVANTAGES 1. There are many benefits to face recognition systems such as its convinince and social acceptability. All you need is your picture taken for it to work. 2. Face recognition is easy to use and in many cases it can be performed without a person even knowing. 3. Face recognition is also one of the most inexpensive biometric in the market and its prices should continue to go down. DISADVANTAGE 1.Face recognition systems cant tell the difference between identical twins.

APPLICATIONS
Government Use Law Enforcement: Minimizing victim trauma by narrowing mugshot searches, verifying identify for court records, and comparing school surveillance camera images to known child molesters. Security/Counterterrorism. Access control, comparing surveillance images to known terrorists. Immigration: Rapid progression through Customs. Commercial Use Day Care: Verify identity of individuals picking up the children. Residential Security: Alert homeowners of approaching personnel. Voter verification: Where eligible politicians are required to verify their identity during a voting process. this is intended to stop 'proxy' voting where the vote may not go as expected. Banking using ATM: The software is able to quickly verify a customers face . Physical access control of buildings areas ,doors, cars or net access