2G AND 3G FUNDAMENTALS

Presented by : Chbicheb Abdessamad

FIRST PART
GSM
What is GSM? Evolution of GSM. Fundamental of GSM Architecture of GSM Key technologies of GSM

SECOND PART
GPRS
News in GPRS Architecture of GPRS

THIRD PART
UMTS
What is UMTS ? Architecture of UMTS The fundamentals of UTRAN Key technologies of WCDMA

FIRST PART

What is GSM? Evolution of GSM.

Fundamental of GSM
Architecture of GSM Key technologies of GSM

WHAT IS GSM?

Formerly it was Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) Now: Global System for Mobile Communication

EVOLUTION OF GSM
The idea of cell-based mobile radio systems appeared at Bell Laboratories (in USA) in the early 1970s. However, mobile cellular systems were not introduced for commercial use until the 1980s.

BUT
The equipment was limited to operate only within the boundaries of each country. The market for each mobile equipment was limited. overcome these problems

GSM

CEPT

Spectrum efficiency

Internatio nal roaming

Low mobile and base stations costs

Good subjective voice quality

Compatibil ity

new services

EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS

1G

AMPS TACS NMT

2G

GSM CDMA

2,5G

GPRS

2,5G+ EDGE

3G

UMTS

GPRS: EDGE: 3G: AMPS: TACS : NMT:

General Packet Radio Service. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. Uses WCDMA technologies Over Air interface (5MHz). Advanced Mobile Phone System. Total Access Communication System. Nordic Mobile Telephones.

EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS
GSM STANDARDS
P-GSM(PrimaryGSM) 900 E-GSM 900(ExtendedGSM) R-GSM 900(RailwaysGSM) GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Uplink frequency

890-915 MHz

880-915 MHz

886-915 MHz

1710-1785 MHz

1850-1910 MHz

Down link frequency

935-960 MHz

925-960 MHz

931-960 MHz

1805-1855 MHz

1930-1990 MHz

Channel spacing

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

Carrier Frequency Duplex spacing

124 45 MHZ

174 45 MHZ

144 45 MHZ

374 95 MHZ

299 80 MHZ

GSM FUNDAMENTAL
Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA

power power

CDMA

power

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

BSS NSS

OSS

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Radio link

Data and signaling link

GSM ENTITIES AND INTERFACES

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FUNCTIONS OF GSM ENTITIES

BSC

Mobile equipment BTS

NSS

OSS

SIM

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF GSM

Call from Mobile Phone to PSTN Call from PSTN to Mobile Phone Handover in GSM.

PSTN: Public switched telephone network

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CALL FROM MOBILE PHONE TO PSTN

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CALL FROM PSTN TO MOBILE PHONE

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HANDOVER
The following measurements is be continuously processed in the BSS :
i) Measurements reported by MS - Down link RXLEV - Down link RXQUAL - Down link neighbor cell RXLEV ii) Measurements performed in BSS - Uplink RXLEV - Uplink RXQUAL - MS-BS distance - Interference level in unallocated time slots Handover is done on four conditions - Interference - RXQUAL, RXLEV - Distance

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HANDOVER TYPES
Intra-cell Handover

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HANDOVER TYPES
Intra-BSC Handover

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HANDOVER TYPES
Inter-BSC Handover

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HANDOVER TYPES
Inter-MSC Handover

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SECOND PART
GPRS
News in GPRS Architecture of GPRS

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GPRS

1G

AMPS TACS NMT

2G

GSM CDMA

2,5G

GPRS

2,5G+

EDGE

3G

UMTS

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NEWS IN GPRS
The introduction of GPRS will enable to the operator to offer new data services to its customers GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible: SMS messaging and broadcasting Multimedia messaging service (MMS) Push to talk over cellular (PoC) Instant messaging and presence Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP) Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP) Point-to-Multipoint (P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-tomultipoint group calls

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ARCHITECTURE OF GPRS

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THIRD PART
UMTS
What is UMTS ? Architecture of UMTS The fundamentals of UTRAN Key technologies of WDCMA

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WHAT IS UMTS?

1G

AMPS TACS NMT

2G

GSM CDMA

2,5G

GPRS

2,5G+

EDGE

3G

UMTS

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WHAT IS UMTS?
Proposal of 3G IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system The third generation mobile communication was first proposed in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996 Commercialization: around the year of 2000 Work band : around 2000MHz The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps Main bands 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main band:

UL frequency channel number 96129888

DL frequency channel number : 1056210838

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UMTS ARCHITECTURE
Packet Switched (Voice )

UTRAN

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Circuit Switched (Voice )

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF UTRAN

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF WCDMA

WCDMA SPREADING AND SCRAMBLING TECHNOLOGY

Spreading process in UTRAN consists of 2 steps:

Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal

Data symbol 3.84M OVSF (Channelization) 3.84Mcps

Chips after spreading

Scrambling Code

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF WCDMA

WCDMA CHANNELIZATION CODE
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as channelization code
C C C C
ch,1,0
ch,4,1 ch,8,0 ch,8,1 ch,8,2 ch,8,3

C C = (1) C C
ch,2,1 ch,2,0

ch,4,0

= (1,1,1,1) = (1,1,-1,-1) = (1,-1,1,-1) = (1,-1,-1,1)

= (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1) = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1) = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1) = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1) SF = 8

= (1,1)

C C C C

ch,4,2

ch,8,4
ch,8,5 ch,8,6 ch,8,7

= (1, -1) C
ch,4,3

C C

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Channelization codes are defined as Cch, SF, k, and they are orthogonal ,thus they do not interfere each other.
- SF is the spreading factor of the code.

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- K is the sequence of the code. 0kSF-1

KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF WCDMA

PURPOSE OF CHANNELIZATION CODE - OVSF

Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter

For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different users of one cell For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different services of one UE

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF WCDMA

WCDMA SCRAMBLING CODE(PSC) PURPOSE Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 16 million long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by RNC.

Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters :

For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different cells in one carrier For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs in one carrier

For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF WCDMA

Primary scrambling code 0 Group 0 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 8 Primary scrambling code 8*63

Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels

Group 1

Group 63

Primary scrambling code 8*63 +7

512 primary scrambling codes

64 primary scrambling code groups

Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF WCDMA

WCDMA RADIO INTERFACE CHANNEL

There are 3 types of channels :

Logical Channels

Transport Channels

Physical Channels

Logical Channel=what type of information is transferred Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission how and what characteristics data are transmitted Physical Channel = specification of the information global content

Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.

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HANDOVER
THE PURPOSE OF HANDOVER

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element in QoS. The load balance: sharing the resource The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of using resource

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HANDOVER
THE CATEGORIES OF HANDOVER
According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover

According to the properties of source cell and target cell

Intra-frequency handover Inter-frequency handover Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)

According to the purpose of handover

Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional) Based on mobility of UE (Optional) Based on Service (Optional)

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HANDOVER
SOFT HANDOVER
RNC The SHO takes place when the UE receives two radio links and data in each RL are same Soft handover happened only in intra-frequency

NodeB 1

NodeB 2

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HANDOVER
SOFTER HANDOVER
RNC

The cells in active set belong to one NodeB.

NodeB

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HANDOVER
HARD HANDOVER
RNC

The UE disconnect the original radio link, then connect to the target cell
NodeB 1 NodeB 2

Hard handover can happened in intrafrequency , inter-frequency , inter-RAT

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HANDOVER
THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF HANDOVER

Active set: set of cells that are curently used by the UE

Monitered set : the set of cells are being observed by the UE and do not belong to the Active set

Detected set : do not belong to Active set neither to monitored set

The most important information in the measurement are the PSC and the CPICH Ec/No of the target cell, and the triggered event.

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HANDOVER
STEPS OF HANDOVER

Measurement

Decision

Execute

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HANDOVER
THE BASIC MEASUREMENT

The measurement values of Handover

Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover :

CPICH RSCP (Received Signal Code Power), CPICH Ec/N0, Path loss Inter-frequency CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0 Inter-system

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GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation

POWER CONTROL
PURPOSE OF UPLINK POWER CONTROL

Uplink transmission character

Self-interference Capacity is limited by interference Near-far effect

Fading

Uplink power control

Ensure uplink quality with minimum transmission power

Decrease interference to other UE, and increase capacity

Solve the near-far effect Save UE transmission power

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POWER CONTROL
PURPOSE OF DOWNLINK POWER CONTROL

Downlink transmission character

Interference among different subscribers since the orthogonality is influenced by transmission environment Interference from other adjacent cells Downlink capacity is limited by NodeB transmission power Fading

Downlink power control

Ensure Downlink quality with minimum transmission power Decrease interference to other cells, and increase capacity Save NodeB transmission power

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POWER CONTROL
POWER CONTROL CLASSIFICATION

open loop power control

closed loop power control

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CONCLUSION

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