RESPIRASI

KUNCORO PUGUH S

RESPIRASI

VENTILASI PARU : Proses keluar / masuknya udara dari atm ke alveolus DIFUSI GAS : Difusi O2 &CO2 alv darah TRANSPOR GAS : Transpor O2 & CO2 alv darah PENGATURAN VENTILASI :

FUNGSI RESPIRASI

1. 2. 3. 4.

UTAMA : Membawa O2 sampai ke jaringan & mengambil CO2 dari jaringan SEKUNDER : Regulasi keasaman cairan ekstrasel Pengendalian suhu Eliminasi air Fonasi

 The Respiratory System The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular

system to exchange gases between the air and blood (external respiration) and between blood and tissue fluids (internal respiration). Inspiration and expiration move air in and out of the lungs during breathing. Cellular respiration is the final destination where ATP is produced in cells.

Respiration
Physiological process by which oxygen

moves into an animals internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration Carbon dioxide is produced by same

Pressure Gradients
Concentration gradients for gases

Gases diffuse down their pressure gradients

Gases enter and leave the body by diffusing

down pressure gradients across respiratory membranes

Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure exerted by the weight of the air

on objects on Earths surface At sea level = 760 mm Hg Oxygen is 21% of air; its partial pressure is about 160 mm Hg

Surface-to-Volume Ratio
As animal size increases, surface-to-volume

ratio decreases
Small, flat animals can use the body surface

as their respiratory surface

Larger animals have special structures to

increase respiratory surface, such as gills or lungs

Ventilasi Paru
Anatomi & Fisiologi Hidung Pharing Laring Trachea Bronchus Bronchiolus Bronchiolus terminalis Bronchiolus Respiratorius Duktus alveolaris Saccus alveolaris Keterangan : Zona konduksi Zona transisional & Respirasi

HIDUNG
Bulu rambut :

Fungsi sbg filter ( 10 - 15m) Sinus : Membentuk ruang berkelok-kelok & pembuluh darah >> Fungsi untuk menjaga kelembaban dan suhu agar sesuai dengan tubuh

Sinusitis
Pada Kuda yang menderita penyakit gigi

terutama pada rahang bagian atas Pada Sapi yang mengalami dehorning (pemotongan tanduk)

Nostril = Cuping Hidung

Pada Kuda berfungsi untuk membedakan

makanan Digunakan sebagai indikator hewan bila mengalami penyakit yang kronis, nostril bersisik dan kering

Pharing
Pada Primata dan mamalia terdapat tiga

saluran yaitu Saluran pernafasan, saluran makanan, saluran pendengaran

Nasal Cavity and Pharynx

Laring
Tempat pembentukan suara

Speech Production
Vocal cords stretch

across laryngeal opening; opening between them is glottis Position of cords is varied to create different sounds

Vocal Folds

TRACHEA - BRONCHUS
Tulang rawan berbentuk U dan Otot polos Mucociliary escalator bergetar 1000-1500 X/min sbg filter < 10

m Bronchodilator : Adrenalin ( reseptor 2 ) P O2 P CO2 Bronchokonstriksi : Acethilcholine Histamine P CO2

Trachea

Insert Fig 23.5 all but b

Windpipe Divides to form Primary bronchi Carina: Cough reflex

ALVEOLUS
Mempunyai makrophag

Mudah mengembang dan mengempis :

Jaringan elatik >> Surfaktan :

fungsi untuk menurunkan tegangan permukaan paru, diproduksi sel alveolar tipe II

Bronchioles and Alveoli

Cutaway View of Alveolus

red blood cell

air space inside alveolus

(see next slide)

pore for airflow between alveoli

Fish Gills

Most commonly

internal Water is drawn in through mouth and passed over gills

water flows in through mouth

FISH GILL
water flows over gills, then out

Countercurrent Flow
Blood flow runs in the

opposite direction of water flow over the filaments

This enhances

respiratory surface

movement of oxygen from water to blood

direction of water flow

direction of blood flow oxygen-poor blood from deep in body

oxygenated blood back toward body

Vertebrate Lungs
Originated in some

fishes as outpouching from gut wall

Allow gas exchange

in oxygen-poor aquatic habitats and on land

salamander

reptile

Avian Respiration
Lungs are

inelastic and connect to a series of air sacs Air is drawn continually though each lung

air sacs air sacs lungs

air sacs

Sistem sirkulasi
Darah dari seluruh tubuh hewan akan melalui

sistem sirkulasi kecil yaitu Atrium kanan -> Ventrikel kanan -> a. pulmonalis -> kapiler pulmonalis -> v. pulmonalis -> atrium kiri -> ventrikel kiri -> seluruh tubuh

OTOT RESPIRASI
INSPIRASI ( HISAP )

Diaphragma
M. Intercostalis eksterna M. Sternocleidomastoideus EKSPIRASI (HEMBUS ) M. Intercostalis interna Musculus abdominal

 There Inspiration and Expiration is a continuous column of air from the

pharynx to the alveoli, and the lungs lie within the sealed-off thoracic cavity. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the rib cage and diaphragm. Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity and lungs and the intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, keeping the lobules of the lungs from collapsing.

Tracheobronchial Tree

 Inspiration
When we inhale (inspiration) impulses from the

respiratory center in the medulla oblongata cause the rib cage to rise and the diaphragm to lower, causing the thoracic cavity to expand. The negative pressure or partial vacuum in the alveoli causes the air to come in. Changing amounts of blood of CO2 and H+ increase breathing rate.

Inhalation
Diaphragm flattens External intercostal muscles

contract Volume of thoracic cavity increases Lungs expand Air flows down pressure gradient into lungs

 Expiration When we exhale (expiration), lack of impulses

from the respiratory center allow the rib cage to lower and diaphragm to resume dome shape. Expiration is passive, while inspiration is active. The elastic recoil of the lungs causes expiration. A deep breath causes alveoli to stretch; stretch receptors then inhibit the respiratory center.

Normal (Passive) Exhalation

Muscles of inhalation

relax Thoracic cavity recoils Lung volume decreases Air flows down pressure gradient and out of lungs

Active Exhalation
Muscles in the abdomen and the internal

intercostal muscles contract

Contraction decreases thoracic cavity volume

more than passive exhalation

A greater volume of air must flow out to

equalize intrapulmonary pressure with atmospheric pressure

Alveolar Pressure Changes

VOLUME & KAPASITAS PARU

VOLUME PARU

Jumlah udara yang menempati petak-petak saluran pernafasan Contoh : Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume

 Kapasitas paru

Penjumlahan dua atau lebih dari volume paru Contoh : Inspiratory Capacity Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Total Lung Capacity
Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur SPIROMETER

Average Tidal Volume For Several Domestic Animal Species

Animal BW ( Kg ) Condition Respiratory frequency ( breaths/min) 26 27 10 15 Tidal Volume (ml/kg) 8.20 8.44 10 15

Cattle Holstein cows Jersey cows Clinical index Horse Thoroughbred Clinical Index Dog

516 405 -

Standing Standing Anesthetized

486 19 12.6 13.8 3.7 -

Resting Anesthetized Pentobarbital anesthesia Pentobarbital anesthesia Pentobarbital anesthesia Anesthetized Pentobarbital anesthesia Anesthetized

10 10 15 13.6 21.0 15.1 10 15 30 10 - 15

15.4 10 15 10.7 11.4 15.7 15 20 9.2 15 - 20

Clinical index Cat Clinical index

Respiratory frequency for several animal species under different conditions

Animal Condition Cycles/minute Range Horse Dairy cow Standing ( at rest ) Standing ( at rest ) Sternal recumbency Standing ( 52 Kg BW, 3 weeks age ) Lying down ( 52 Kg BW, 3 weeks age ) Lying down ( 23 - 27 Kg BW) Sleeping ( at rest ) Standing ( at rest ) Sleeping Lying down, awake Standing, ruminating 10 14 26 35 24 50 18 22 21 25 32 58 18 25 20 34 16 25 20 40 20 - 34 Mean 12 29 35 20 22 40 21 24 22 31 25

Dairy Calf

Swine Dog

Cat

Sheep

COMPLINCE ( DAYA KEMBANG)

PADA SISTEM PERNAFASAN TERDPAT TIGA MACAM COMPLIANCE : 1. COMPLIANCE PARU SAJA, YANG MERUPAKAN COMPLIANCE PARU BILA PARU DILEPAS DARI TORAKBESARNYA = 0,22 LITER / CM AIR 2. COMPLIANCE TORAK SAJA, YANG MERUPAKAN COMPLIANCE TORAK SAJA TANPA PARU 3. COMPLIANCE PARU-TORAK YANG MERUPAKAN COMPLIANCE SISTEM PERNAFASAN BESARNYA = 0,13 LITER /CM AIR

DEAD SPACE
DEAD SPACE ANATOMIS

Ruang yang secara anatomis tidak ada pertukaran gas DEAD SPACE FISIOLOGIS Ruang yang secara anatomis tidak ada pertukaran gas ditambah alveoli yang tidak berfungsi karena difusi atau pembululuh kapiler -

MINUTE VOLUME
Volume udara yang terdapat dalam saluran

pernafasan permenit pada pernafasan biasa (TV) TV X Frekuensi pernafasan ex : 500 ml X 12 /min = 6000ml/min

ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
(TV - DEAD SPACE ) X FREKUENSI

PERNAFASAN / MIN
Ex : ( 500 ml - 150 ml ) X 12 / min = 4200 ml/min

DIFUSI GAS
Dipengaruhi oleh : 1. Tebal membran : semakin tebal akan semakin sulit 2. Luas permukaan membran : semakin luas semakin cepat 3. Koefisien difusi : kecepatan difusi melalui daerah tertentu pd jarak & perbedaan tertentu ex. O2=1,0 ;CO2=20,3 ;CO=0,81 ;N2=0,53 ;He=0,95 4. Gradien tekanan :bergerak dari tek. tinggi ke tek. rendah

Respiratory Membrane
Area between an
alveolar epithelium capillary endothelium

alveolus and a pulmonary capillary

Oxygen and carbon

dioxide diffuse across easily

fused basement membranes of both epithelial tissues

Changes in Partial Pressures

Skema difusi gas

TRANSPOR GAS
Transpor O2

97% Oxyhemoglobin ( HbO2 )

3% Plasma Transpor CO2 67% Bicarbonate 24% Carbaminohemoglobin 9% Plasma

Oxygen Transport
Most oxygen is carried bound to

hemoglobin in red blood cells Hemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen when it is at high partial pressure (in pulmonary capillaries) Lower affinity for oxygen in tissues, where partial pressure is low

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Bicarbonate Formation

CO2 + H2O

H2CO3
carbonic acid

HCO3 + H+
bicarbonate

Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate Some binds to hemoglobin Small amount dissolves in blood

TRANSPORT O2 DAN CO2 DARI JARINGAN KE SEL DRH

Carbon Dioxide Transport and Chloride Movement

KURVA DISSOSIASI OXYHEMOGLOBINE

Hubungan antara PO2 plasma dengan % Saturasi Hb

O2 bound to Hb
% Saturasi Hb =

X 100%

O2 Capacity of Hb

KURVA DISOSIASI OKSIGEN

. Kurva ini dipengaruhi oleh suhu, PCO2, pH dan enzim DPG. Pengaruh mereka dapat dilihat pada kurva berikut : bergeser ke kanan bila : 1. PCO2 meningkat 2. pH turun 3. Suhu naik 4. DPG naik bergeser ke kiri 1. PCO2 turun 2. pH naik 3. Suhu turun 4. DPG turun 0

KIRI
NORMAL

KANAN

100 PaO2

REGULASI PERNAFASAN
Pusat pernafasan

Diatur oleh sekelompok neuron yang terletak dalam substasia retikularis dari medulla oblongata dan pons

Respiratory Structures in Brainstem

CHEMORESEPTOR
ARTERIAL : Pada Arcus Aorta & A. Carotis

CO2 meningkat
H2 menurun O2 menurun Central : di otak Karena CO2 dpt melewati sawar otak (Blood Brain

Barrier System)

Control of Breathing
Nervous system controls rhythm and

magnitude of breathing Breathing is adjusted as a result of changes in

Carbon dioxide levels Oxygen levels H+ levels

Apnea = interrupted breathing

Modifying Respiration

Beberapa Istilah
Cyanosis : kebiruan pd kulit yg disebabkan oleh

jumlah Hb yg terdeoksigenasi meningkat di dlm p. drh kulit ( terutama kapiler) Eupnea : pernapasan normal Tachipnea : pernapasan cepat Bradypnea : pernapasan lambat Hipoksia : kekurangan oksigen di jaringan Hipoksemia : kekurangan oksigen di dalam darah

Regulation of Blood pH and Gases

Bronchitis
Irritation of the ciliated epithelium that lines

the bronchiole walls

Air pollutants, smoking, or allergies can be

the cause
Excess mucus causes coughing, can harbor

bacteria
Chronic bronchitis scars and

constricts airways

Emphysema
An irreversible breakdown in

alveolar walls Lungs become inelastic May be caused by a genetic defect Most often caused by smoking

Fig. 15.11