VL An Trunking Protocol

VLAN Trunking Protocol
Module 9: VLAN Trunking Protocol

CCNA 3 Version 3.1
Introduction to VLAN Trunking

VLAN trunking uses tagged frames to allow multiple VLANs to be carried throughout a large switched network over shared backbones Two trunking protocols:
IEEE 802.1Q (widely implemented) Ciscos Inter-Switch Link (ISL) - a proprietary trunking protocol that can be implemented in Cisco networks
Once a network is configured with VTP, many of the VLAN configuration tasks are automatic
A Trunk is
A physical and logical connection between two switches across which network traffic travels A single transmission channel between two points (usually switching centers) A point-to-point link that supports several VLANs
Another Look at Trunking

Before and After Trunking

Before: Each switch is uses two physical links so that each port carries traffic for a single VLAN. Simplest way of implementing inter-switch VLAN communication, but does not scale well.
After: Trunking bundles multiple virtual links over one physical link by allowing the traffic for several VLANs to travel over a single cable between the switches (conserves switch ports)
Trunking Operation
VLAN Trunking Protocol Two types of trunking mechanisms:
frame filtering (brief look at) frame tagging (focus is here)
Frame Filtering (not as common)

Frame Tagging (the standard)

VLAN Trunking Protocol Frame Tagging
adopted as the standard trunking mechanism by IEEE
assigns an identifier to the frames; makes management easier with faster delivery of frames Most common tagging schemes for Ethernet segments are:
ISL Cisco proprietary Inter-Switch Link protocol. 802.1Q IEEE standard that will be focused on in this section.
Frame Tagging & Encapsulation Methods
Frame tagging places a unique identifier in the header of each frame as it is forwarded throughout the network backbone
identifier is examined by each switch before any broadcasts or transmissions are made to other switches, routers, or end-station devices. Last switch removes the identifier before the frame is transmitted to the target end station Frame tagging functions at Layer 2 and requires little processing or administrative overhead
IEEE 802.1Q vs. ISL

VLAN Trunking Protocol Both are Ethernet frame tagging mechanisms Both protocols maintain VLAN information as traffic flows between the switches IEEE 802.1Q
The VLAN ID (4 byte field) is inserted into the frame
ISL
The frame is encapsulated with a header that contains a VLAN ID
Trunking Implementation
VLAN Trunking Protocol To create or configure a VLAN trunk on a Cisco IOS command-based switch: Step 1)
configure the port first as a trunk
Step 2)
specify the trunk encapsulation
Before attempting to configure a VLAN trunk on a port, determine what encapsulation the port can support with the following command:
VLAN Trunking Protocol To verify that trunking has been configured and to check the settings:
Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet Trunking Modes VLAN Trunking Protocol
VTP Benefits
VTP reduces the complexity of managing and monitoring VLAN networks VTP maintains VLAN configuration consistency across a common network administration domain VTP allows VLANs to be trunked over mixed media
VTP provides for accurate tracking and monitoring of VLANs

VTP provides Plug-and-Play configuration when adding new VLANs
VTP Domain
A VTP domain is made up of one or more interconnected devices that share the same VTP domain name A switch can be in one VTP domain only. When transmitting VTP messages to other switches in the network, the VTP message is encapsulated in a trunking protocol frame such as ISL or IEEE 802.1Q Below shows the generic encapsulation for VTP
within an ISL frame:
The VTP Header

The VTP header varies (depending upon the type of VTP message) Generally four items are found in all VTP messages:
VTP protocol version: Either Version 1 or 2
VTP message type: Indicates one of four types (well look at the types later)
Management domain name length: Indicates size of the name that follows
Management domain name: The name configured for the management domain
VTP Modes
VLAN Trunking Protocol VTP switches operate in one of three modes:
Server Client Transparent
More on VTP Modes

VTP servers
can create, modify, and delete VLAN and VLAN configuration parameters for the entire domain VTP servers save VLAN configuration information in the switch NVRAM VTP servers send VTP messages out to all trunk ports.
VTP clients
cannot create, modify, or delete VLAN information. only role of VTP clients is to process VLAN changes and send VTP messages out all trunk ports
VTP transparent mode

forwards VTP advertisements but ignores information contained in the message. will not modify its database when updates are received Except for forwarding VTP advertisements, VTP is disabled on a transparent switch.
VTP Implementation
With VTP, each switch advertises on its trunk ports the following:
its management domain
configuration revision number the VLANs that it knows about certain parameters for each known VLAN
These advertisement frames are sent to a multicast address so that all neighboring devices can receive the frames
the frames are not forwarded by normal bridging procedures
A new VLAN must be created and configured on one device only in the management domain
All the other devices in the same management domain automatically learn the information
VTP Advertisements
Two types of VTP advertisements:
Requests from clients
Responses from servers
Configuration revision number

Each advertisement starts as configuration revision number 0 When changes are made, the configuration revision number is increased incrementally by one, (n + 1). Max revision number is 2,147,483,648 then counter will reset back to zero
VTP Messages
VLAN Trunking Protocol There are three types of VTP messages:
Advertisement requests Summary advertisements Subset advertisements
Advertisement Requests
VLAN Trunking Protocol VTP Clients use advertisement requests to
request VLAN information from a VTP server
The server then responds with summary and subset advertisements
Summary Advertisements
By default, server and client Catalyst switches issue summary advertisements every 5 minutes. Servers inform neighbor switches what they believe to be the current VTP configuration revision number
Assuming the domain names match, the receiving server or client compares the configuration revision number If the revision number in the advertisement is higher than the current revision number in the receiving switch, the receiving switch then issues an advertisement request for new VLAN information.
Subset Advertisements
Subset advertisements contain detailed information about VLANs such as
VTP version type
domain name configuration revision number
The following can trigger these advertisements:

Creating or deleting a VLAN
Suspending or activating a VLAN

Changing the name of a VLAN Changing the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of a VLAN
Advertisement Information
Advertisements may contain some or all of the following information:
Management domain name
Advertisements with different names are ignored.
Configuration revision number

The higher number indicates a more recent configuration.
Message Digest 5 (MD5)

MD5 is the key that is sent with the VTP when a password has been assigned. If the key does not match, the update is ignored.
Updater identity
The updater identity is the identity of the switch that is sending the VTP summary advertisement
VTP Version 1 and Version 2

VLAN Trunking Protocol Two different versions of VTP are available, Version 1 and Version 2
The two versions are not interoperable
All switches in the same domain must be configured with the same VTP version.
VTP Version 1 is the default. VTP Version 1 does not have Token Ring VLAN support (need version 2)
Changing the VTP Version

First enter VLAN database mode:
Switch#vlan database
Then change the VTP version to Version 2:
Switch(vlan)#vtp v2-mode
To create a management domain use the following command: Switch(vlan)#vtp domain cisco
Adding a VTP Client to an Existing VTP Domain VLAN Trunking Protocol

First, always verify that its VTP configuration revision number is lower than the configuration revision number of the other switches in the VTP domain
Use the show vtp status command
Switches in a VTP domain always use the VLAN configuration of the switch with the highest VTP configuration revision number
If a switch is added that has a revision number higher than the revision number in the VTP domain, it can erase all VLAN information from the VTP server and VTP domain
Issue the no vtp file command to clear the vtp file
Choosing the VTP Mode

VLAN Trunking Protocol Choose one of the three available VTP modes for the switch
If this is the first switch in the management domain and additional switches will be added, set the mode to server
additional switches will be able to learn VLAN information from this switch NOTE: There should be at least one server
Command to set the VTP mode:

Switch(vlan)#vtp {client | server | transparent}
Verifying VTP Configuration

VLAN Trunking Protocol To verify VTP configuration settings on a Cisco IOS command-based switch:
To Display Advertisement Stats

VLAN Trunking Protocol To display statistics about advertisements sent and received on the switch:
Review of VLAN Basics
VLAN Review
A VLAN is a logical grouping of devices or users that can be grouped by function, department, or application regardless of their physical location. VLANs are configured at the switch through software. VLANs can span single building infrastructures or interconnected buildings. VLANs share the same broadcast domain or Layer 3 network.
More VLAN Review

VLAN Trunking Protocol Network devices in different VLANs cannot directly communicate without the intervention of a Layer 3 routing device. A router is necessary to route the traffic between VLANs
Without the routing device, inter-VLAN traffic would not be possible Put another waywhen a host on one VLAN wants to communicate with a host on another, a router must be involved
InterVLAN Connectivity
Traditional Approach (Multiple Links)

Subnet #3 Subnet #2 Subnet #1
ISL and 802.1Q
Trunk-Connected Router
Primary advantage of using a trunk link is reduction in the number of router and switch ports used A single trunk link saves money and reduces configuration complexity
Subinterfaces and VLANs

One FastEthernet Interface divided into 3 Subinterfaces
Subinterface Preparation
VLAN Trunking Protocol In order to route between VLANs with subinterfaces, a virtual subinterface must be created for each VLAN To define subinterfaces on a physical interface, perform the following tasks:
Identify the interface.
Define the VLAN encapsulation.

Assign an IP address to the interface.
Configuring InterVLAN Routing

Module 9: VLAN Trunking Protocol

CCNA 3 Version 3.1
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VL An Trunking Protocol

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VLAN Trunking Protocol

Module 9: VLAN Trunking Protocol

Introduction to VLAN Trunking

Another Look at Trunking

Before and After Trunking

Frame Filtering (not as common)

Frame Tagging (the standard)

Frame Tagging & Encapsulation Methods