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M.Prasad Naidu MSc Medical Biochemistry, Ph.D.

Research Scholar

2 adrenal glands / suprarenal glands Situated on the upper pole of each kidney Each gland weighs 4 gms 2 distinct parts (Cortex & medulla ) A.medulla is the central portion (20%) A. cortex is the outer portion (80%) The 2 portions developmentally,functionlly & structurally diff from each other.

A. medulla develops from the neural crest, which gives origin to sympathetic nervous system. So its secretions resemble that of sympathetic nervous system. A.cortex develops from mesonephros, which give rise to the renal tissues. It secretes a group of hormones called Corticosteroids

3 distinct layers. 1.Zona glomerulosa:- outer most layersecretes mineralocorticoids 2.Zona fasciculata:- middle layer secretes mostly GCs and to slight extent sex hormones. 3.Zona reticularis:- inner most layer mostly sex hormones & slightly GCs.

Adrenocortical hormones / corticosteroids Synthesized from cholesterol Degraded mainly in the liver and conjugated to form glucuronides and to a lesser extent of sulphates. 25% excreted in bile & feces & 75% in the urine 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Sex hormones

Act on the metabolism of the electrolytes or minerals & distribution of water in tissues. Especially Na & K hence the name Eg: Aldosterone (0.15g of daily output) & (0.006g% of plasma level) 11-Deoxycorticosterone(0.2g)& (0.006) Synthesis:- CHOLESTEROL Transport:- Aldosterone binds with plasma proteins (Gbs) binding is loose 50% of Aldosterone is found free.

C21 steroids 90% MC activity is by aldosterone. Aldosterone is 30 times more active than deoxycorticosterone. Aldosterone is mainly concerned with water salt balance of the body.

Ald is essential for life (life saving hormone Total loss of Corticosteroids causes death within 3 days to 2 weeks This is mainly bcos of MCs. Without MCs, the K+ conc of ECF rises The conc of Na & Cl ions decreases The total ECF volume and Blood vol are also greatly reduced. All these changes lead to cardiac dysfunction, shock like state and finally death. The entire sequence can be prevented by Ald. Hence it is called life saving hormone.

2 most important functions of aldosterone reabsorption of Na & excretion of K in the renal tubules. secretion of H+ into the tubules to some extent

Effect on Na reabsorption :Ald acts on the DCT and the collecting duct and increases the reabsorption of Na+ Effect on ECF volume & B.P:- The MCs cause persistent increase in ECF fluid vol and the blood vol. This finally leads to bp Effect on K ions:- K+ excretion through the renal tubules.

Effect on [H+]:-when ald Na+ reabs in the renal tubules, it causes tubular secretion of H+. To some extent it is in exchange for Na ions. In normal conditions, ald is essential to maintain acid-balance in the body. In hypersecretion, it causes alkalosis In hyposecretion, it causes acidosis

Effects on sweat glands & salivary glands: Ald has almost similar effect on sweat & salivary glands as it has on the renal tubules. Na is reabsorbed from sweat glands under the influence of aldosterone, thus the loss of Na from the body is prevented. Effect on Intestine:- loss of ald leads to loss of Na and water through the large intestine leading to diarrhea with loss of salt from the body.

Ald acts through the m-RNA mechanism The sequence of events are: i)As ald is sol in lipid, it diffuses readily into the interior of the tubular epithelial cells via the lipid layer of the cell membrane ii) in the cytoplasm of the tub.epi.cells, ald combines with the specific receptor protein

iii) the ald.rec.complex diffuses into the nucleus iv) the m-RNA diffuses back into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm along with ribosomes causes protein syn. One of such enzymes that helps in the tpt of Na & K through NaK pump is the NaK adenosinetriphosphatase

Stimulating agents:1. in the K+ conc in the ECF 2. in the Na+ conc in the ECF 3. in the ECF volume 4. ACTH

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