Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Research Scholar
are
Free energy [G] Gibb's change in free energy [ G] negative positive zero Standard free energy [ Go] Enthalpy [ H] Entropy [ S]
denotes the fraction total energy in the system available to do the work .
G0 ] is the
Gibbs Change in free energy [ G ] predicts whether a reaction is favorable or not and the energy available to do work.
Enthalpy [H] is the measure of the change in the heat content of the system i.e. energy released or absorbed. Entropy [S] It is the fraction of enthalpy that is not available to do the work. it denotes the randomness of the products and reactants.
A biochemical reaction depends on the change in free energy , Enthalpy , and Entropy.
G = H - T S [T= absolute temperature in Kelvin]
ATP is the energy currency of the cell ATP on hydrolysis yields -7.3 Kcal
ATP
ATP is utilized for Active transport Nerve conduction Muscle contraction synthetic reactions
1.Pyro-phosphates -------------- ATP 2.Acyl phosphates -------------- 1,3-BPG 3.Enol phosphates -------------- PEP 4.phosphoguanides ------------- creatine P 5.Thio - esters ------------- Acyl-co A
the high energy bond in these compounds is called as Acid anhydride bond
phopho enol pyruvate phospho creatine 1,3-BPG SAM ATP ADP G-1-P F-6-P G-6-P
[-14.8Kcal]
- 7.3Kcal
[-3.3Kcal]
The electrons flow uni directionally from one carrier to the other in ETC. The carriers are reduced when they accept the electrons and get oxidized when they donate to the other carrier. the reduced and oxidized forms of the same carrier are referred as redox pairs. Redox potential is the tendency of the redox pair to donate or accept electrons. electrons always flow from negative to positive redox potential.
REDOX PAIRS
1. 2. 3.
All the enzymes of biological oxidation belongs to the major class of oxido-reductases. They are classified as follows 1.Oxidases 2.Oxygenases 3.Hydroperoxidases 4.dehydrogenases
2. Oxygenases
Mono-oxygenases Dioxygenases 3. Hydroperoxidases Eg: Cyt P450 Eg: Tryptophan dioxygenases
Peroxidases
Catalases 4. Dehydrogenases Aerobic
Anaerobic:
a. NAD linked b. FAD linked c. FMN linked
2.Oxygenases
1.
Mono-oxygenases [ mixed function oxidase] incorporates one oxygen atom into the substrate other is reduced to water. E.g. cyt-P450 ,tyrosine hydroxylase etc. A-H + O2 + BH2 AOH + H2O +B
4.Dehydrogenases
Catalyze the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Based on the type of H2 acceptor they are classified as follows
1. aerobic dehydrogenases oxygen is the acceptor of hydrogen. 2. anaerobic dehydrogenases coenzymes act as acceptors of hydrogen NAD+ linked dehydrogenases NADP+ linked dehydrogenases FAD- linked dehydrogenases
Aerobic dehydrogenases
These are flavoproteins and the product formed is mostly hydrogen peroxide
Anaerobic dehydrogenases hydrogen acceptor s are co-enzymes. When the substrate is oxidized the coenzyme is reduced AH2 + B ----------------A + BH2
Transport of electrons from reduced substrates to O2 is called as ETC. Site: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Components:
1.Nicotinamide nucleotides [NADH + H+ / NAD+] 2.Flavo-proteins [FADH2 / FAD+]. 3.Ubiquinone: CoQ. 4. Cytochromes: b, c1, c, a, a3.
ATPsynthase[ v ]
Integral protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has two units F0 & F1. F0 acts as a protein channel. F1 has ATP synthase activity.
3. Co- Q [ubiquinone]
4. cytochromes
P;O ratio is the number of P atoms utilized To synthesize ATP for one atom of O2 oxidized
P;O ratio for NADH + H+ is 3 [three sites of ATP synthesis]
1. Chemical coupling:
Generation of ATP at substrate level. 2. Conformational coupling: Conformational changes in the molecules in mitochondrial membrane leads to ATP generation. 3. Chemi -osmotic theory: The proton gradient generated during electron transfer is utilized for ATP synthesis.
Site specific:
1. NADH + H+ to CoQ; 1.Rotenone 2.piericidin 3. amylobarbital 2. Cyt b to Cyt c1 3. Cyt a3 to O2 1. Antimycin 2. BAL. 1. HCN 2. H2S 3. CO.
2,3 dinitrophenol, 2,3 dinitrocresol Physiological uncouplers: Large doses of 1. Unconjugated bilirubin, 2. Thyroxine 3. Aspirin 4. Long chain fatty acids. 1. Oligomycin : 2.Atractyloside : Blocks ATP synthase activity. Block the proton flow into the mitochondrial matrix.
Uncouplers: