Sampling and Data Collection

Population, Census and Sample

The aggregate of all the elements sharing some common sets of characters is Population in percentage Complete enumerations of the elements of a population is census Subgroup of the element's of a population selected for the study is sample.
Area (Population) like All Working Class employees, Classification of area (Census) Middle /Top Management, Public/ Private, Classification selected from area (Sample) in banks

Target Population, Element, Unit & Sample Frame

Target Population- whose inference has to be made. Element- which possesses the information sought by researcher. Sample Unit- units containing the elements to be sampled. It is a kind of list or set of directions for identifying the target population.

Classification of Sampling

Non- Probability 1. Quota 2. Judgment 3. Snow Ball 4. Convenience 5. 6.

Probability Simple Random Stratified Random Cluster Systematic Random Area

Graphical representation of NP Sampling

1. Convenience Sampling
A
1 2 3 4 5 6

B
7 8 9 10 11 12

C
13 14 15 16 17 18

D
20 21 22 23 24 25

E
26 27 28 29 30 31

Group C assembles at most convenient time hence considered by researcher.

2. Judgmental
A 1 2 3 4 B 5 6 7 8 C 9 10 11 12 D 13 14 15 16 E 17 18 19 20

Researcher considered group A, C, D and E, eliminating group B based on some typicality's and Convenient few characters were selected.

 Quota Sampling

A 1 2 3 4 5

B 6 7 8 9 10

C 11 12 13 14 15

D 16 17 18 19 20

E 21 22 23 24 25

A quota of one element is imposed on each group with similar characters.

 Snow-Ball
A 1 2 3 B 6 7 8 C 11 12 12 13 &13 14 15 D 16 17 18 E 21 22 23

4
5

9
10

19
20

24
25

TO STUDY SPECIAL CHARACTERS OF RESPONDENTS. GENERALLY USED TO STUDIE SPECIAL BEHAVIORAL CASUSES.

Probability Sampling-Simple Random Sampling

Simple Random

A 1 1 1 1 1

B 1 1 1 1 1

C 1 1 1 1 1

D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Stratified Sampling

How to Determine Sample Size

Initially it is required to know about certain symbols and characters to determine sample size like: 1. Parameter- description of fixed Characters like consumers 2. Statistics- description of fixed characteristics or measures like consumers, consuming touch screen mobile phones 3. Precision level- maximum permissible level of difference between sample statistics and Population parameter 4. Confidence interval- range in which true population parameter will fall 5. Confidence level- probability that interval will include the population parameter

Source of Data Collection

Secondary Data Internal Primary Data External

Primary Data
Observation Method Natural Vs Contrived Open Vs Disguised Structured Vs Unstructured . Direct Vs Indirect Mechanical Vs Human Non- Behavioral Vs Behavioral

 Questionnaires steps 1. Information 2. Type of questionnaire 3. Method of administration 4. Form of response 5. Phrasing of questions 6. Sequence of questions

 Interviews

Depth individual depth focused group

Essentials of Questionnaires
Basic thing which questionnaire must contain is clearly spelt out research objectives
These Objectives are to be able to get converted into Questions.

Formalized

Non-Formalized

Unconcealed

Concealed

Types of Questionnaire
Formalized and Unconcealed
It is widely used by Marketing Researchers. They are Structured so as easy to administer, Selfexplanatory in nature. Second advantage of such type of questionnaire is that they can be easily administer to a large number of population at the same time. They cover the points in step wise step process.

Formalized and Concealed

It tries to explain latent Cause of Behavior, which on otherhand can not be derived by direct Questions. It actually Maps the basic values, opinion and beliefs of one. The intention behind developing such questionnaire is not to threaten any respondent providing general directions for answering the questions. They are structured hence helps in quantifying the statically data, also increases the subjectivity of data and improve the validity of scale as well.

Non-Formalized and Unconcealed

It allows respondent to answer his/her attitude in very liberated way and uninhabited manner. They are more useful to researchers if arranged in unstructured way. The biggest advantage is that it allows respondent to answer in way he/she feel is important hence provides multiple options and comprehensive perspectives for solution one is looking forward from such research.

Non-Formalized and Concealed

PROCESS OF DESIGNING
Convert Objectives into Information Motivating respondent to answer Determine questionnaire structure

How to administer questionnaire

Determine types of questionnaire

Presentation of questionnaire

Content of questionnaire

Criterion of questions design

Pilot testing

Administering questionnaire

DETERMINING TYPE OF QUESTIONANNIRE

Question Content

OpenEnded

Closed Ended

Dichotomous

Multiple Response

Scales

Criteria for Designing

Clearly specify the issue Use simple terminology Avoid ambiguity Avoid loaded questions avoid double barreled questions