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Waste generation is often expressed in term of a waste generation rate, (Kg/Per.day). House hold waste generation increases with income. E.g. Kandy and Jaffna to be 0.85 kg/per.day and 0.92 kg/per.day respectively. The average waste generation rate in several study town to be 0.98kg/per.day, ranging from 0.88kg/per.day in Jaffna to 1.18 kg/per.day in Kandy.
Municipal waste generation is also closely related to the state of the town/City economy, Developing countries 0.3 1.0 kg/per.day Developed countries 1.0 2.5 kg/per.day
Waste Generation Cont. Waste generation is also affected by a number of other factors, including. The floating population, Season, Festivals and other special occasions. The waste generation rate may be also be used for SWM planning purpose, such as To estimate the total amount of waste generated in different areas of the town/city by multiplying the generation rate by the population in these areas. To predict future waste generation based on expressed population and economic growth rates.
Waste Discharge
After
waste is generated, people may dispose of it in a number of ways On-site disposal burning and /or burial On-site composting Recycling, generally involving individual collectors visiting peoples Premises Discharge for LA collection Illegal dumping LAs are most interested in the amount of waste discharged for collection. This may be expressed in terms of the waste discharged rate - the quantity of waste discharged for collection per person per day.
This is shown in the following example for Jaffna. Current Situation (Determine by Survey - 2001)
2001 MSW
population = 110,000
= 1.18kg/per.day
MSW
= 0.85kg/per.day
Current
population growth rate = 0.97% Estimate increase in waste discharge rate = 0.85 of economic growth rate = 2.2% Expected population in 2012 = 110,000 x 1.009710 = 121,202 Expected MSW discharge rate in 2012 = 0.85 x 1.02210 = 1.04 kg/person.day Expected MSW discharge in 2012 = 121,202 x 1.04 = 126,050 kg/day = 126 Tons/day Increased MSW discharge for collection = 36% in 10 years
WASTE COMPOSITION
The
following composition data is also useful in SWM. Waste bulk density : Used for selecting and sizing storage containers, public bins and collection vehicles and for converting vehicle trips data to tons.
Moisture:
Used for looking at treatment options, especially compositing and incineration. to Nitrogen ratio : Useful for composting.
Carbon
PHYSICAL COMPOSITION
Compostable
Food/Kitchener Grass/Wood Total
SriLanka
69.9 11.7
NewZeland
38.3 15.7 54.0
Japan
26.6 9.0 35.1
81.6
6.9 5.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 15.2
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Recycalbles
Paper Plastic Glass Metal Textile Total
Hazardous
Others
3.2
2.4
0.4
Waste generation (kg/person.day) Waste Composition Compostable Recyclables Others Bulk density (Kg/m3 wet wt) Moisture content (wt%)
0.3 1.0
1.5 2.5
40 85 7 45 1 40 250 500 40 - 80
Physical Composition
Sri Lankan MSW is: Highly organic and moderately wet. Hence, it is suitable for composting. Investment of Windrow compost plant processing 4Tons/day of garbage are 3.6M.Rs, while operation and maintenance costs are around 500Rs/Tons of waste composted. There are many failed plants around Sri Lanka. composting
SWM may be broadly considered to have two main objectives: Sanitation Environmental Sanitation
Good SWM is essential for protecting peoples health and the sustainable development of the town/city.
SANITATION
LA and/or contractor must provide an effective/efficient garbage collection and disposal service for the minimum acceptable cost. It involves the following. Protection Human Health Protecting public places/private property from nuisance /danger (E.g. Obtruction, odour, vermin and fire) Keeping the town / city clean
Sanitation Cont.......
The main health/environmental risks associated with poor SWM are listed below: Organic waste rots quickly and smells. They spread disease such as typhoid, cholera, and can also cause diarrhoea, eye problems, skin disease, etc. Waste thrown into drains blocks them, causing them to fill up with water. This will cause floods during heavy rains. Insects especially mosquitoes, breed in the stagnant water. These cause diseases especially malaria, filarial and dengue. Water gets trapped in tins, plastics bags and tyres that have been thrown away mosquitoes, even more disease.
Environmental Protection
Good sanitation should be provide many people within the town/city: clean neighbourhoods - reduced disease health life beautiful environment.
Open dumping This creates serious hardship for people living near the disposal site. dumping at one place, usually in the open with no soil cover being applied or any other environmental protection measures being taken
open dumping.
Implementing
controlled tipping , which at the very least involves applying soil cover to the waste daily. to sanitary land filling over a number of years, involving site security works, leachate treatment, land fill gas management, storm water/ground water management, etc.
Progressing
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION CONT.. Environmental protection also involves taking a broader perspective looking at how we can minimise waste by:
Reducing
the amount of waste generated. Reusing the waste materials as much as possible. Recycling waste materials into new useful items. Recovering energy from waste materials. Waste Minimising
BETTER
SWM
Better SWM for environmental protection requires public, LA, voluntary/nongovernmental organisation and private sector cooperation in order to be successful LA should encourage Public participations in SWM. Reducing their SWM costs, while raising public awareness at the same time..
Improving Garbage collection efficiency Residential waste, commercial, institutional and industrial waste Market waste Street sweeping and drain cleaning Hand cards How to load waste into trailers
Reducing SWM costs SWM operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs, collection and transportation costs Keeping cost down.
Increasing Public Participation Get the support of Council members Inform and Educate the Public Establish effective communication channels Follow up and resolve complaints Provide reminder and feedback to the Public Typical problems for Discussion
SWM Components
Collection and Transportation
Description
Discharged waste is collected by the LA and /or their contractor for transportation to processing/treatment and final disposal.
Some (often none) of the discharged waste may be transported for processing and treatments. e.g. material separation and recovery, centralised composting and biogas generation
Disposal
Most (often all) of the collected waste is discharged at the final disposal site.
Improving
Garbage collection efficiency Poor Garbage storage / discharge Inappropriate waste transfer from Handcart to two wheel tractors Inappropriate waste transfer from two wheel tractor to four wheel tractor
Indicative Requirements As for controlled tipping plus the following: Site clearing, prior to land filling. Establishment of all weather access and onsite roading. Full-time tractor wheel loader for waste placement and compaction. Development of basic Site Management Plan. Enclosure of the active working area with a bund to divert storm water from it, as appropriate. Diversion of stormwater from surrounding areas away from the site and provision of onsite storm water drainage, as appropriate.
Landfilling Indicative Requirements stage Sanitary Basic facilities and activites as per controlled tipping landfilling and level 1 sanitary landfilling with the following (level 2) changes/additions: Preparation of comprehensive landfill management plan. Provision of tarmac access road. Excavation to maximize the available filling areas within site constraints and to facilitate landfill liner construction. Installation of a low permeability clay landfill linear, overlain by a Leachate collection/drainage layer and protective soil cover. Bulldozer for waste placement and compaction.
Landfilling stage
Indicative Requirements
Sanitary Provision of more advanced Leachate landfilling treatment facilities capable of meeting (level 2) stricter environmental discharge standards. Turfing and benching finished slopes and restoration of the landfill on completion of filling. Provision of passive landfill gas vents. Staff amenities. Environmental monitoring (e.g. Down gradient groundwater well)
Indicative Requirements As for previous levels with the following additions: Advanced operational practices, including a weighbridge, water truck for dust suppression and Leachate/groundwater /air monitoring. Compactor for waste placement and compaction. Creation of a more impermeable bottom liner by addition of a 1.5 mm membrane liner above the clay liner. Stormwater treatment for sediment management Indicative Requirements As for previous levels plus a landfill gas reticulation and power generation system.
MONITORING COMMITTEE
Once
before any construction or upgrading works are started in order to understand and record the original condition. Every month during the first six months of operation. After this time, if the monitoring committee judges that performance is good, the monitoring frequency may be reduced. However, monitoring should be done at least every three months.
before any construction or upgrading works are started in order to understand and record the original conditions Every month during the first six months of operations After this time If the monitoring committee judges that performance is good, the monitoring frequency may be reduced. However monitoring should be done at least every three months.