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Chapter 09
Can you explain this based on your knowledge of electron energy levels?
6C
Bonding from s is Different from bonding From p. In addition the Angles should be within 900!
Copyright2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3
Hint: A key to wave mechanics is superposition Which is creating new waves from interference of old ones
Hybridization
Ground state of C 1s2 2s2 sp2 s px py pz
2s12p3
px
py
pz
Hybridize at n=2
Hybridization
The mixing of atomic orbitals to form special orbitals for bonding.
The atoms are responding as needed to give the minimum energy for the molecule.
sp3
Equivalent sp3
Hybridized orbitals
1 sp3 lone pair
3 bonding orbitals Which can accommodate The 1s1 electron from hydrogen
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An orbital energy-level diagram for sp hybridization. Note that one p orbital remains unchanged.
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When an s and two p orbitals are mixed to form a set 2 of three sp orbitals, one p orbital remains unchanged and is perpendicular to the plane of the hybrid orbitals.
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Figure 9.13: (a) The orbitals used to form the bonds in ethylene. (b) The Lewis structure for ethylene.
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Pi bond (p) electron density above and below plane of nuclei Copyright2000 bybetween Houghton 19 Sigma bond (s) electron density the 2 atoms Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. of the bonding atoms
The s bonds in ethylene. Note that for each bond the shared electron pair occupies the region directly between the atoms.
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A pi (p) bond occupies the space above and below the internuclear axis.
H H
H H
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C sC
Copyright2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The orbital energy-level diagram for the formation of sp hybrid orbitals on carbon.
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When one s orbital and one p orbital are hybridized, a set of two sp orbitals oriented at 180 degrees results.
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1s22s22p4
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(a) The orbitals used to form the bonds in carbon dioxide. Note that the carbon-oxygen double bonds each consist of one s bond and one p bond. (b) The Lewis structure for carbon dioxide.
(a) An sp hybridized nitrogen atom. (b) The s bond in the N2 molecule. (c) The two p bonds in N2 are formed when electron pairs are shared between two sets of parallel p orbitals. (d) The total bonding picture for N2.
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How many s and p bonds are in the acetic acid (vinegar) molecule CH3COOH? O s bonds = 6 + 1 = 7 p bonds = 1
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H H C H
10.5
dsp3 dsp3
dsp3 dsp3
dsp3
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A set of dsp3 hybrid orbitals on a phosphorus atom. Note that the set of five dsp3 orbitals has a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement. (Each dsp3 orbital also has a small lobe that is not shown in this diagram.)
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(a) The PCl5 molecule. (b) The orbitals used to form the bonds in PCl5. The phosphorus uses a set of five dsp3 orbitals to share electron pairs with sp3 orbitals on the five chlorine atoms. The other sp3 orbitals on each chlorine atom hold lone pairs.
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d2sp3 ds2p3
d2sp3